Phenotypes associated with this allele
Allelic
Composition |
A/A
|
|
Genetic
Background |
Not Specified |
|
|
|
normal phenotype
pigmentation
|
N |
• wild-type coat color created by hairs with a black base, yellow subterminal band, and black tip
|
pigmentation
|
|
• Background Sensitivity: amount and distribution of yellow pigment (phaeomelanin) relative to black or brown pigment (eumelanin) is variably increased or decreased compared with a wild-type agouti pattern resulting in a range of coat color from creamy yellow to black
|
|
|
• this coat pigmentation is seen when yellow pigment (phaeomelanin) is minimal; the coat resembles non-agouti black
|
|
|
• a creamy yellow coat color predominates but black striping or patches are seen on the back and/or belly
|
|
|
• black striping or patches are frequently seen on the back and/or belly; the remainder of the coat is creamy yellow
|
integument
|
|
• Background Sensitivity: amount and distribution of yellow pigment (phaeomelanin) relative to black or brown pigment (eumelanin) is variably increased or decreased compared with a wild-type agouti pattern resulting in a range of coat color from creamy yellow to black
|
|
|
• this coat pigmentation is seen when yellow pigment (phaeomelanin) is minimal; the coat resembles non-agouti black
|
|
|
• a creamy yellow coat color predominates but black striping or patches are seen on the back and/or belly
|
|
|
• black striping or patches are frequently seen on the back and/or belly; the remainder of the coat is creamy yellow
|
pigmentation
|
|
• heterozygotes and homozygotes are indistinguishable
|
|
|
• color ranges from very sooty yellow to indistinguishable from wild-type agouti
• ventrum is slightly lighter than dorsal pigmentation
|
growth/size/body
integument
|
|
• heterozygotes and homozygotes are indistinguishable
|
|
|
• color ranges from very sooty yellow to indistinguishable from wild-type agouti
• ventrum is slightly lighter than dorsal pigmentation
|
Allelic
Composition |
A/atl
|
|
Genetic
Background |
involves: 101/H * C3H/HeH |
|
|
|
Allelic
Composition |
Ay/A
|
|
Genetic
Background |
involves: C3H/HeJ * C57BL/6J-Ay/a |
|
|
|
Allelic
Composition |
Ay/A
|
|
Genetic
Background |
involves: C57BL/6 |
|
|
|
adipose tissue
|
|
• female mice have a 6-fold gain in weight of BAT compared to littermate controls
|
|
|
• female mice have almost a 7-fold gain in weight of fat pad
|
|
|
• female mice have a greater than 6-fold gain in weight of fat pad
|
|
|
• female mice have almost a 6-fold gain in weight of fat pad
|
|
|
• female mice have almost a 4-fold gain in percentage of body fat compared to littermate controls
• male mice have almost a 1.8-fold gain in percentage of body fat compared to littermate controls
|
behavior/neurological
|
|
• 18 week old mice eat about 1.4 times more food during a 7 day period compared to wild-type controls
|
|
|
• the locomotor activity of mice is about half that of wild-type mice
|
growth/size/body
|
|
• by 23 weeks of age, female mice have almost double the weight compared to their wild-type littermate controls
|
|
|
• female but not male mice have a significant 5% increase in their body length
|
|
|
• mice gain weight at a greater rate than littermate controls starting at six weeks of age
|
|
|
• female mice have almost a 2-fold gain in weight of the liver
|
homeostasis/metabolism
liver/biliary system
|
|
• female mice have almost a 2-fold gain in weight of the liver
|
pigmentation
|
|
• mice have a yellow coat color
|
integument
|
|
• mice have a yellow coat color
|
Allelic
Composition |
Ay-Jkn/A
|
|
Genetic
Background |
involves: C57BL/6N |
|
|
|
pigmentation
|
|
• mice have a pale yellow coat color
• the color is paler than observed in Mc1re homozygotes
|
integument
|
|
• mice have a pale yellow coat color
• the color is paler than observed in Mc1re homozygotes
|
Allelic
Composition |
A/atwp
|
|
Genetic
Background |
Not Specified |
|
|
|
pigmentation
|
|
• dorsum is agouti, ventrum white
• this allele is recessive on the dorsum, dominant on the ventrum
|
|
|
• ventral coat color is white, identical to the color and pattern of a Aw/- mouse
• this allele is dominant to A on the ventrum
|
integument
|
|
• dorsum is agouti, ventrum white
• this allele is recessive on the dorsum, dominant on the ventrum
|
|
|
• ventral coat color is white, identical to the color and pattern of a Aw/- mouse
• this allele is dominant to A on the ventrum
|
Allelic
Composition |
A/a
In(11Trp53;11Wnt3)8Brd/+
|
|
Genetic
Background |
either: (involves: 129S7/SvEvBrd * C57BL/6Brd) or (involves: 129S5/SvEvBrd * 129S7/SvEvBrd * C57BL/6Brd) or (involves: 129S5/SvEvBrd * C57BL/6Brd * C57BL/6J) |
|
|
|
craniofacial
|
|
• mice heterozygous for this inversion on an agouti background have agouti hair coats, but with light-colored ears due to the Krt14-A transgene in the Wnt3 locus.
|
growth/size/body
|
|
• mice heterozygous for this inversion on an agouti background have agouti hair coats, but with light-colored ears due to the Krt14-A transgene in the Wnt3 locus.
|
hearing/vestibular/ear
|
|
• mice heterozygous for this inversion on an agouti background have agouti hair coats, but with light-colored ears due to the Krt14-A transgene in the Wnt3 locus.
|
integument
|
|
• mice heterozygous for this inversion on an agouti background have agouti hair coats, but with light-colored ears due to the Krt14-A transgene in the Wnt3 locus.
|
|
|
• mice heterozygous for this inversion on an agouti background have agouti hair coats, but with light-colored tails due to the Krt14-A transgene in the Wnt3 locus.
|
limbs/digits/tail
|
|
• mice heterozygous for this inversion on an agouti background have agouti hair coats, but with light-colored tails due to the Krt14-A transgene in the Wnt3 locus.
|
pigmentation
|
|
• mice heterozygous for this inversion on an agouti background have agouti hair coats, but with light-colored ears due to the Krt14-A transgene in the Wnt3 locus.
|
|
|
• mice heterozygous for this inversion on an agouti background have agouti hair coats, but with light-colored tails due to the Krt14-A transgene in the Wnt3 locus.
|
Allelic
Composition |
As/As
A/A
|
|
Genetic
Background |
involves: 101/H * C3H/HeH |
|
| Find Mice |
Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
A mutation
(19 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
As mutation
(0 available);
any
As mutation
(0 available)
|
|
|
pigmentation
|
|
• amount of yellow pigment produced by an agouti genotype is reduced and coat is darker than expected
• the normally yellow pinna hairs for all agouti alleles except ae are black (or brown on a homozygous brown background)
|
integument
|
|
• amount of yellow pigment produced by an agouti genotype is reduced and coat is darker than expected
• the normally yellow pinna hairs for all agouti alleles except ae are black (or brown on a homozygous brown background)
|
pigmentation
|
|
• mice have a slightly more yellow coat than agouti controls
|
|
|
• the phaeomelanin to total melanin ratio is higher (0.30) than in agouti controls (0.19)
|
integument
|
|
• mice have a slightly more yellow coat than agouti controls
|
|
|
• the phaeomelanin to total melanin ratio is higher (0.30) than in agouti controls (0.19)
|
pigmentation
|
|
• mice have a much more yellow coat than agouti controls
|
|
|
• the phaeomelanin to total melanin ratio is higher (2.00) than in agouti controls (0.19)
|
integument
|
|
• mice have a much more yellow coat than agouti controls
|
|
|
• the phaeomelanin to total melanin ratio is higher (2.00) than in agouti controls (0.19)
|
pigmentation
|
|
• on an agouti background, the fur of homozygous DctSlt-lt mice appears yellowish brown.
|
integument
|
|
• on an agouti background, the fur of homozygous DctSlt-lt mice appears yellowish brown.
|
Allelic
Composition |
A/?
DctSlt-lt/Dct+
|
|
Genetic
Background |
involves: C3H/HeJ |
|
|
|
pigmentation
|
|
• on an agouti background, the coat color of mice heterozygous for DctSlt-lt is light agouti.
|
integument
|
|
• on an agouti background, the coat color of mice heterozygous for DctSlt-lt is light agouti.
|
integument
|
|
• dark-like homozygotes heterozygous for yellow have much darker dorsal hair than mice heterozygous for both mutations, placing dark-like downstream of agouti transcription
|
pigmentation
|
|
• dark-like homozygotes heterozygous for yellow have much darker dorsal hair than mice heterozygous for both mutations, placing dark-like downstream of agouti transcription
|
growth/size/body
|
|
• mice heterozygous for yellow are obese and longer than normal to the same degree regardless of being wild-type or homozygous for dark-like
|
adipose tissue
|
|
• female mice have a 2-fold gain in mg of BAT compared to littermate controls
|
|
|
• female mice have almost a 2-fold increase in fat pad weight compared to wild-type controls
|
|
|
• female mice have about a 2-fold increase in fat pad weight compared to wild-type controls
|
|
|
• female mice have about a 2-fold increase in fat pad weight compared to wild-type controls
|
|
|
• female and male mice have a 1.6-fold gain in percentage of body fat compared to littermate controls
|
behavior/neurological
|
N |
• food consumption and circulating levels of leptin are close to wild-type levels, which is significantly less compared to mice with only the Ay mutant allele
|
|
|
• locomotor activity is about 1.5-fold higher compared to wild-type control mice
|
growth/size/body
|
N |
• mean body weight and length of 20-23 week old mice is similar to wild-type littermate controls and is less than is observed in mice with only the Ay mutant allele
• weight and percentage of body fat in female mice is higher than in wild-type mice but is significantly lower than is observed in mice with only the Ay mutant allele
|
|
|
• male but not female mice gain weight at a greater rate than littermate controls starting at six weeks of age
• rate of weight gain in male mice is significantly less than in Ay heterozygotes
|
pigmentation
|
|
• mice have a yellow coat color
|
integument
|
|
• mice have a yellow coat color
|
Allelic
Composition |
Ay/A
Prkar2btm2Gsm/Prkar2b+
|
|
Genetic
Background |
involves: C57BL/6 |
|
|
|
adipose tissue
|
|
• mice have increased percentage of body fat but is 10% less than what is observed in Ay heterozygotes
|
behavior/neurological
|
|
• mice have a higher food consumption but is about 10% less than the amount Ay heterozygotes consume
|
growth/size/body
|
|
• mice have increased rate of weight growth compared to wild-type mice but significantly less than in Ay heterozygotes
|
Allelic
Composition |
A/?
Tyrc/Tyrem12Ove
|
|
Genetic
Background |
involves: C57BL/6 * FVB |
|
|
|
integument
|
|
• the fur of these Tyr compound heterozygous mice on an agouti background appears very light brown
|
pigmentation
|
|
• the fur of these Tyr compound heterozygous mice on an agouti background appears very light brown
|
integument
|
|
• mice homozygous for this endonuclease-mediated tyrosinase allele on an agouti background appear light agouti.
|
pigmentation
|
|
• mice homozygous for this endonuclease-mediated tyrosinase allele on an agouti background appear light agouti.
|
Allelic
Composition |
A/?
Tyrc/Tyrem1Ove
|
|
Genetic
Background |
involves: C57BL/6 * FVB |
|
|
|
integument
|
|
• mice with this compound heterozygous tyrosinase genotype on an agouti background appear light agouti.
|
pigmentation
|
|
• mice with this compound heterozygous tyrosinase genotype on an agouti background appear light agouti.
|
|
|
• these compound Tyr heterozygotes on an agouti background exhibit reduced eye pigmentation at birth.
|
vision/eye
|
|
• these compound Tyr heterozygotes on an agouti background exhibit reduced eye pigmentation at birth.
|
Allelic
Composition |
A/?
Tyrc/Tyrem6Ove
|
|
Genetic
Background |
involves: C57BL/6 * FVB |
|
|
|
integument
|
|
• the fur of these Tyr compound heterozygous mice on an agouti background appears lighter tan than that of Tyrem6Ove homozygotes.
|
pigmentation
|
|
• the fur of these Tyr compound heterozygous mice on an agouti background appears lighter tan than that of Tyrem6Ove homozygotes.
|
|
|
• eyes are dark with mosaic pigmentation
|
vision/eye
|
|
• eyes are dark with mosaic pigmentation
|
integument
|
|
• the fur of these mice exhibits nearly normal agouti coloration
|
pigmentation
|
|
• the fur of these mice exhibits nearly normal agouti coloration
|
|
|
• mice homozygous for this Tyr promoter mutation exhibit nearly normal ocular pigmentation
|
vision/eye
|
|
• mice homozygous for this Tyr promoter mutation exhibit nearly normal ocular pigmentation
|
Allelic
Composition |
A/?
Tyrc/Tyrem7Ove
|
|
Genetic
Background |
involves: C57BL/6 * FVB |
|
|
|
integument
|
|
• the fur of these compound Tyr mutant mice appears light agouti
|
pigmentation
|
|
• the fur of these compound Tyr mutant mice appears light agouti
|
integument
|
|
• the ears of mice homozygous for this Tyr promoter deletion on an agouti background appear gray
|
|
|
• the fur of these mice appears light tan
|
|
|
• tails of these mice exhibit minimal pigmentation
|
craniofacial
|
|
• the ears of mice homozygous for this Tyr promoter deletion on an agouti background appear gray
|
limbs/digits/tail
|
|
• tails of these mice exhibit minimal pigmentation
|
growth/size/body
|
|
• the ears of mice homozygous for this Tyr promoter deletion on an agouti background appear gray
|
hearing/vestibular/ear
|
|
• the ears of mice homozygous for this Tyr promoter deletion on an agouti background appear gray
|
pigmentation
|
|
• the ears of mice homozygous for this Tyr promoter deletion on an agouti background appear gray
|
|
|
• the fur of these mice appears light tan
|
|
|
• tails of these mice exhibit minimal pigmentation
|
vision/eye
integument
|
|
• the fur of mice homozygous for this Tyr promoter mutation on an agouti background have nearly normal agouti pigmentation
|
pigmentation
|
|
• the fur of mice homozygous for this Tyr promoter mutation on an agouti background have nearly normal agouti pigmentation
|
|
|
• homozygous mutant mice have nearly normal ocular pigmentation
|
vision/eye
|
|
• homozygous mutant mice have nearly normal ocular pigmentation
|
integument
|
|
• the fur of mice homozygous for this Tyr mutation on an agouti background appears light brown
|
pigmentation
|
|
• the fur of mice homozygous for this Tyr mutation on an agouti background appears light brown
|
|
|
• the ocular pigmentation of these mice appears altered compared to that of wild-type mice
|
vision/eye
|
|
• the ocular pigmentation of these mice appears altered compared to that of wild-type mice
|
pigmentation
|
N |
• normal agouti pigmentatioon
|
Allelic
Composition |
A/?
Tyrc/Tyrem13Ove
|
|
Genetic
Background |
involves: C57BL/6 * FVB |
|
|
|
pigmentation
|
N |
• normal agouti pigmentation
|
limbs/digits/tail
|
|
• the tails of these mice exhibit slightly lighter pigmentation than tails of wild-type agouti mice
|
integument
|
|
• these mice exhibit nearly normal agouti pigmentation
|
|
|
• the tails of these mice exhibit slightly lighter pigmentation than tails of wild-type agouti mice
|
pigmentation
|
|
• these mice exhibit nearly normal agouti pigmentation
|
|
|
• the tails of these mice exhibit slightly lighter pigmentation than tails of wild-type agouti mice
|
pigmentation
|
|
• mice have a pale yellow coat color
• the yellow color is darker than what is observed in Ay-Jkn heterozygotes
|
integument
|
|
• mice have a pale yellow coat color
• the yellow color is darker than what is observed in Ay-Jkn heterozygotes
|
Allelic
Composition |
Ay-Jkn/A
Mc1re/Mc1re
|
|
Genetic
Background |
involves: C57BL/6Ha * C57BL/6N |
|
|
|
pigmentation
|
|
• mice have a pale yellow coat color
• the yellow color is darker than what is observed in Ay-Jknheterozygotes
|
integument
|
|
• mice have a pale yellow coat color
• the yellow color is darker than what is observed in Ay-Jknheterozygotes
|
Allelic
Composition |
Avy/A
Smchd1MommeD1/Smchd1+
|
|
Genetic
Background |
involves: C57BL/6J * FVB/NJ |
|
|
|
pigmentation
|
|
• more female pups with yellow coat color are produced when a MommeD1 sire is crossed with a psuedoagouti dam but not when the reciprocal cross is made
|
integument
|
|
• more female pups with yellow coat color are produced when a MommeD1 sire is crossed with a psuedoagouti dam but not when the reciprocal cross is made
|
Allelic
Composition |
Avy/A
Smarca5MommeD4/Smarca5+
|
|
Genetic
Background |
involves: C57BL/6J * FVB/NJ |
|
|
|
pigmentation
|
|
• when a MommeD4 sire is mated to a yellow dam offspring with the MommeD4 allele are more likely to be mottled
|
integument
|
|
• when a MommeD4 sire is mated to a yellow dam offspring with the MommeD4 allele are more likely to be mottled
|
Allelic
Composition |
Avy/A
Dnmt1MommeD2/Dnmt1+
|
|
Genetic
Background |
involves: C57BL/6J * FVB/NJ |
|
|
|
pigmentation
|
|
• more female pups with yellow coat color are produced when a MommeD1 dam is crossed with a psuedoagouti sire but not when the reciprocal cross is made
|
integument
|
|
• more female pups with yellow coat color are produced when a MommeD1 dam is crossed with a psuedoagouti sire but not when the reciprocal cross is made
|
Phenotype of Dkd/Dkd mouse
pigmentation
|
|
• a darkened dorsal stripe if seen when the first coat comes in
|
hearing/vestibular/ear
|
N |
• ABR assessment at 4 weeks of age is normal
|
vision/eye
|
N |
• eyes are normal by ophthalmoscopic examination at 4 weeks of age
|
integument
|
|
• a darkened dorsal stripe if seen when the first coat comes in
|
integument
|
|
• Mc1rE-tob influences the expression of agouti
|
|
|
• the color is difficult to distinguish from non-agouti black before 8 weeks of age when some agouti hairs appear on the flanks; the back remains darkened
• Mc1rE-tob/Mc1re A/a mice have a darkened back
|
pigmentation
|
|
• Mc1rE-tob influences the expression of agouti
|
|
|
• the color is difficult to distinguish from non-agouti black before 8 weeks of age when some agouti hairs appear on the flanks; the back remains darkened
• Mc1rE-tob/Mc1re A/a mice have a darkened back
|
pigmentation
|
|
• Mc1rE-tob influences the expression of agouti
|
|
|
• the color is difficult to distinguish from non-agouti black before 8 weeks of age when agouti hairs appear on the flanks; the back remains darkened
• Mc1rE-tob/Mc1re mice that are also homozygous non-agouti are black because Mc1rE-tob only affects the expression of agouti
|
integument
|
|
• Mc1rE-tob influences the expression of agouti
|
|
|
• the color is difficult to distinguish from non-agouti black before 8 weeks of age when agouti hairs appear on the flanks; the back remains darkened
• Mc1rE-tob/Mc1re mice that are also homozygous non-agouti are black because Mc1rE-tob only affects the expression of agouti
|
integument
|
|
• the black pigment in the coat is reduced on this background to dark slate color but the yellow pigmented agouti band at the hair tips is barely reduced in intensity so mice of this genotype are a slightly lighter agouti
|
pigmentation
|
|
• the black pigment in the coat is reduced on this background to dark slate color but the yellow pigmented agouti band at the hair tips is barely reduced in intensity so mice of this genotype are a slightly lighter agouti
|
pigmentation
|
|
• on an agouti brown (A-bb) background, beige mice exhibit an overall cafe-au-lait coat color
• Background Sensitivity: the relatively greater dilution effect noted on basal hair is not as pronounced in brown beige as in black beige mice
|
|
|
• Background Sensitivity: on an agouti brown (A-bb) background, newborn beige mice exhibit lighter eyes than on an agouti black (A-B-) background
|
vision/eye
|
|
• Background Sensitivity: on an agouti brown (A-bb) background, newborn beige mice exhibit lighter eyes than on an agouti black (A-B-) background
|
integument
|
|
• on an agouti brown (A-bb) background, beige mice exhibit an overall cafe-au-lait coat color
• Background Sensitivity: the relatively greater dilution effect noted on basal hair is not as pronounced in brown beige as in black beige mice
|
pigmentation
|
|
• more dilute than mice heterozygous for light due to a further diminution in the eumelanic pigment, but there is no alteration in the yellow bands of the hair shaft
|
integument
|
|
• more dilute than mice heterozygous for light due to a further diminution in the eumelanic pigment, but there is no alteration in the yellow bands of the hair shaft
|
Allelic
Composition |
A/A
U/U
|
|
Genetic
Background |
Not Specified |
|
|
|
pigmentation
|
|
• U modifies agouti dominance: when U is homozygous there is a marked darkening in A/A mice; when U is heterozygotes the darkening is somewhat less
(J:280)
• the coat is darkened relative to the number of copies of U and a as follows: A/a; U/U > A/a; U/u = A/A; U/U > A/A; U/u = A/a; u/u > A/A; u/u
(J:78801)
|
integument
|
|
• U modifies agouti dominance: when U is homozygous there is a marked darkening in A/A mice; when U is heterozygotes the darkening is somewhat less
(J:280)
• the coat is darkened relative to the number of copies of U and a as follows: A/a; U/U > A/a; U/u = A/A; U/U > A/A; U/u = A/a; u/u > A/A; u/u
(J:78801)
|
Allelic
Composition |
at/A
As/As+
|
|
Genetic
Background |
Not Specified |
|
|
|
pigmentation
|
|
• only the agouti allele on the same chromosome as the As allele is affected
• the expected cream belly is not seen for this genotype; the mouse looks normal agouti
|
integument
|
|
• only the agouti allele on the same chromosome as the As allele is affected
• the expected cream belly is not seen for this genotype; the mouse looks normal agouti
|
Allelic
Composition |
A/?
Lystbg/Lystbg
Tyrp1+/?
|
|
Genetic
Background |
Not Specified |
|
|
|
pigmentation
|
|
• on an agouti black (A-B-) background, mice exhibit reduced ear pigmentation relative to wild-type controls
|
|
|
• on an agouti black (A-B-) background, mice exhibit a lighter coat color than wild-type controls, particularly at the base of the hairs
• basal dilution is first noted at ~15 days of age, is somewhat variable, and tends to become darker in older mice
|
|
|
• on an agouti black (A-B-) background, mutant dorsal hairs have a yellow subterminal band, a dark grey middle portion, and usually a very light grey base
• basal dilution is first noted at ~15 days of age, is somewhat variable, and tends to become darker in older mice
|
|
|
• on an agouti black (A-B-) background, mice exhibit reduced tail pigmentation relative to wild-type controls
|
|
|
• on an agouti black (A-B-) background, the eye pigmentation of mice is only slight at birth but varies from ruby to almost black in adults
|
vision/eye
|
|
• on an agouti black (A-B-) background, the eye pigmentation of mice is only slight at birth but varies from ruby to almost black in adults
|
limbs/digits/tail
|
|
• on an agouti black (A-B-) background, mice exhibit reduced tail pigmentation relative to wild-type controls
|
craniofacial
|
|
• on an agouti black (A-B-) background, mice exhibit reduced ear pigmentation relative to wild-type controls
|
hearing/vestibular/ear
|
|
• on an agouti black (A-B-) background, mice exhibit reduced ear pigmentation relative to wild-type controls
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integument
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• on an agouti black (A-B-) background, mice exhibit reduced ear pigmentation relative to wild-type controls
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• on an agouti black (A-B-) background, mice exhibit a lighter coat color than wild-type controls, particularly at the base of the hairs
• basal dilution is first noted at ~15 days of age, is somewhat variable, and tends to become darker in older mice
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• on an agouti black (A-B-) background, mutant dorsal hairs have a yellow subterminal band, a dark grey middle portion, and usually a very light grey base
• basal dilution is first noted at ~15 days of age, is somewhat variable, and tends to become darker in older mice
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• on an agouti black (A-B-) background, mice exhibit reduced tail pigmentation relative to wild-type controls
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growth/size/body
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• on an agouti black (A-B-) background, mice exhibit reduced ear pigmentation relative to wild-type controls
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integument
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• the contrasted effects of this genotype on eumelanin and phaeomelanin produces a grizzled color pattern or chinchilla effect
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• reduced melanin content alters the wild-type agouti color to gray
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• in this genotype yellow pigment in the hair shaft is reduced or absent
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pigmentation
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• reduced melanin content alters the wild-type agouti color to gray
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• in this genotype yellow pigment in the hair shaft is reduced or absent
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Analysis Tools
