All Phenotypes Tmem163<+> MGI Mouse

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Phenotypes associated with this allele

Allele Symbol
Allele Name
Allele ID

Tmem163⁺
wild type
MGI:3629305

Summary

14 genotypes

Jump to	Allelic Composition	Genetic Background	Genotype ID
cn1	Tcf4^tm1Hmb/Tcf4⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺	involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6 * FVB/N	MGI:6157967
cn2	Bcor^tm1.1Vjba/Y Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺	involves: 129S1/Sv * C57BL/6N * FVB/N	MGI:7343894
cn3	Bcor^tm1.1Vjba/Bcor⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺	involves: 129S1/Sv * C57BL/6N * FVB/N	MGI:7343893
cn4	Gt(ROSA)26Sor^{tm1(Bcor*A)Vjba}/Gt(ROSA)26Sor⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺	involves: 129S1/Sv * FVB/N	MGI:7344054
cn5	Gt(ROSA)26Sor^tm1Sor/Gt(ROSA)26Sor⁺ Snrpb^em1Lajm/Snrpb⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺	involves: 129S4/SvJaeSor * C57BL/6J * CD1 * FVB/N	MGI:7438186
cn6	Setd5^{tm1c(EUCOMM)Wtsi}/Setd5⁺ Tbx1^tm1Bld/Tbx1⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺	involves: 129S7/SvEvBrd * C57BL/6 * FVB/N	MGI:7543763
cn7	Alk^{tm1.1(ALKF1174L)Heno}/Alk^{tm1.1(ALKF1174L)Heno} Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺	involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6 * C57BL/6N * FVB/N * SJL	MGI:6476978
cn8	Rab23^tm1.1Elkg/Rab23^tm1.1Elkg Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺	involves: C57BL/6 * FVB/N	MGI:8249276
cn9	Dppa2^tm1.1Reik/Dppa2⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺	involves: C57BL/6 * FVB/N	MGI:6845061
cn10	Dppa2^tm2.1Reik/Dppa2^tm2.1Reik Dppa4^tm2.1Reik/Dppa4^tm2.1Reik Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺	involves: C57BL/6 * FVB/N	MGI:6845063
cn11	Dppa4^tm1.1Reik/Dppa4⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺	involves: C57BL/6 * FVB/N	MGI:6845064
cn12	Snrpb^em1Lajm/Snrpb⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺	involves: C57BL/6J * CD1 * FVB/N	MGI:7437935
cn13	Setd5^{tm1c(EUCOMM)Wtsi}/Setd5⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺	involves: C57BL/6N * FVB/N	MGI:7543762
cn14	Orc4^{tm1c(EUCOMM)Wtsi}/Orc4^{tm1c(EUCOMM)Wtsi} Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺	involves: C57BL/6N * FVB/N	MGI:7314207

Allelic Composition	Tcf4^tm1Hmb/Tcf4⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6 * FVB/N

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Tcf4^tm1Hmb mutation (0 available); any Tcf4 mutation (63 available)
Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt} mutation (3 available); any Tmem163 mutation (37 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

growth/size/body

decreased body weight ( J:254983 )

behavior/neurological

abnormal habituation to a new environment ( J:254983 )

• mice show a similar level of activity at the outset of the task as controls, but the level of activity appears to wane more slowly, indicating a possible deficit in habituation to novel environments

impaired spatial learning ( J:254983 )

• mice take a longer time to locate the hidden platform in the Morris water maze task and travel farther during the acquisition phase than controls

• during the reversal phase of the hidden platform test, mice never meet the criterion for learning across the entire regimen, and they travel farther than controls

decreased anxiety-related response ( J:254983 )

• mice spend more time in the center region of the novel open field during the last 20 min of the trial, indicating reduced anxiety

• in the elevated plus maze task, mice spend more time in the open arms and make more entries into the open arm than closed arm, indicating reduced anxiety

decreased startle reflex ( J:254983 )

• mice exhibit a reduced startle to a 74 dB stimulus at both 12 and 19 weeks of age

increased locomotor activity ( J:254983 )

• mice exhibit increased activity and total distance traveled in the open field task

• however, mice exhibit normal motor coordination in the accelerating rotarod and normal sociability in the three-chamber task

nervous system

enhanced NMDA-mediated synaptic currents ( J:254983 )

• NMDA/AMPA current ratio is enhanced and because AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission appears intact, this suggests that NMDAR-mediated currents are selectively enhanced

enhanced long-term potentiation ( J:254983 )

• mice exhibit enhanced long term potentiation (LTP) after 3 1 second bursts of 100 Hz stimulation and LTP is consistently enhanced over a range of stimulation frequencies

• however, no differences are seen in long term depression (LTD) after 15 min of 1 Hz stimulation, presynaptic function and AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission appear normal in hippocampal area CA1, and short-term plasticity in terms of the paired-pulse ratio appears normal

decreased prepulse inhibition ( J:254983 )

• percentage prepulse inhibition is decreased in 19 week old mice but not 12-week old mice

Mouse Models of Human Disease		DO ID	OMIM ID(s)	Ref(s)
Pitt-Hopkins syndrome		DOID:0060488	OMIM:610954	J:254983

Allelic Composition	Bcor^tm1.1Vjba/Y Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129S1/Sv * C57BL/6N * FVB/N

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Bcor^tm1.1Vjba mutation (1 available); any Bcor mutation (19 available)
Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt} mutation (3 available); any Tmem163 mutation (37 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

mortality/aging

embryonic lethality between implantation and placentation, complete penetrance ( J:296645 )

• die between E7.5 and E9.5

embryo

embryonic growth retardation ( J:296645 )

• about a half to full day developmental delay at E7.5-E8.5

• in stage matched embryos at the 8-9 somite stage abnormalities are most obvious in the trunk and brain

• in stage matched embryos at the 8-9 somite stage the trunk is shorter and cardiac tissue is not prominent

nervous system

decreased forebrain size ( J:296645 )

growth/size/body

embryonic growth retardation ( J:296645 )

• about a half to full day developmental delay at E7.5-E8.5

• in stage matched embryos at the 8-9 somite stage abnormalities are most obvious in the trunk and brain

• in stage matched embryos at the 8-9 somite stage the trunk is shorter and cardiac tissue is not prominent

Allelic Composition	Bcor^tm1.1Vjba/Bcor⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129S1/Sv * C57BL/6N * FVB/N

Find Mice

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

mortality/aging

neonatal lethality, incomplete penetrance ( J:296645 )

• Background Sensitivity: when backcrossed to a C57BL/6N background

postnatal lethality, incomplete penetrance ( J:296645 )

• fewer than expected found at weaning, with loss occurring between P0.5 and weaning when the recombined allele is inherited paternally

• Background Sensitivity: survival is reduced when backcrossed into the C57BL/6N background to about 5%

embryonic lethality prior to tooth bud stage ( J:296645 )

• vast majority of embryos are dead by E12.5 when the recombined allele is maternally inherited

embryo

decreased embryo size ( J:296645 )

• at E8.5 and E10.5 when the recombined allele is maternally inherited

abnormal placenta morphology ( J:296645 )

• increase in maternal blood near the trophoblast giant cell layer when the allele is maternally inherited

increased trophoblast giant cell number ( J:296645 )

• over-representation of larger than normal placental trophoblast giant cells at E10.5-E11.5 when the recombined allele is maternally inherited

• trophoblast giant cells appear to invade the spongiotrophoblast layer when the recombined allele is maternally inherited

abnormal spongiotrophoblast layer morphology ( J:296645 )

• trophoblast giant cells appear to invade the spongiotrophoblast layer when the recombined allele is maternally inherited

abnormal placenta labyrinth morphology ( J:296645 )

• at E12.5 appear to have more blood relative to controls when the recombined allele is maternally inherited

thin placenta labyrinth ( J:296645 )

• thinner in placental midpoint sections when the recombined allele is maternally inherited

craniofacial

cleft palate ( J:296645 )

• clefting in 32% (7 of 22) of late gestation females

asymmetric snout ( J:296645 )

• occasional

broad snout ( J:296645 )

• occasional

vision/eye

cataract ( J:296645 )

• 55% (23 of 42) of surviving mice have lens opacification

• 8 of 23 with cataracts have bilateral catacts

microphthalmia ( J:296645 )

• average width is reduced by about 0.2 mm compared to controls

• pronounced bilateral asymmetry of globe width

blepharoptosis ( J:296645 )

• eyelids often appear ptotic and/or swollen

skeleton

kyphosis ( J:296645 )

• most obvious in older mice

• no obvious wedging of the vertebral discs

limbs/digits/tail

kinked tail ( J:296645 )

• all survivors have kinked tails

digestive/alimentary system

cleft palate ( J:296645 )

• clefting in 32% (7 of 22) of late gestation females

growth/size/body

cleft palate ( J:296645 )

• clefting in 32% (7 of 22) of late gestation females

asymmetric snout ( J:296645 )

• occasional

broad snout ( J:296645 )

• occasional

decreased embryo size ( J:296645 )

• at E8.5 and E10.5 when the recombined allele is maternally inherited

Mouse Models of Human Disease		DO ID	OMIM ID(s)	Ref(s)
syndromic microphthalmia 2		DOID:0111809	OMIM:300166	J:296645

Allelic Composition	Gt(ROSA)26Sor^{tm1(Bcor*A)Vjba}/Gt(ROSA)26Sor⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129S1/Sv * FVB/N

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Gt(ROSA)26Sor^{tm1(Bcor*A)Vjba} mutation (1 available); any Gt(ROSA)26Sor mutation (1060 available)
Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt} mutation (3 available); any Tmem163 mutation (37 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

mortality/aging

embryonic lethality during organogenesis, complete penetrance ( J:296645 )

• embryos die between E10.5 and E14.5 with all dead by E14.5

craniofacial

short mandible ( J:296645 )

• short and misshapen

short snout ( J:296645 )

• short and misshapen

vision/eye

abnormal eye morphology ( J:296645 )

• misshapen by E12.5

limbs/digits/tail

abnormal forelimb morphology ( J:296645 )

• small and misshapen by E13.5

nervous system

abnormal hindbrain morphology ( J:296645 )

• appears bulbous

skeleton

short mandible ( J:296645 )

• short and misshapen

growth/size/body

short mandible ( J:296645 )

• short and misshapen

short snout ( J:296645 )

• short and misshapen

Allelic Composition	Gt(ROSA)26Sor^tm1Sor/Gt(ROSA)26Sor⁺ Snrpb^em1Lajm/Snrpb⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129S4/SvJaeSor * C57BL/6J * CD1 * FVB/N

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Gt(ROSA)26Sor^tm1Sor mutation (10 available); any Gt(ROSA)26Sor mutation (1060 available)
Snrpb^em1Lajm mutation (0 available); any Snrpb mutation (16 available)
Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt} mutation (3 available); any Tmem163 mutation (37 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

embryo

increased cranial neural crest cell apoptosis ( J:326544 )

• in the developing head region at E9.5

decreased cranial neural crest cell number ( J:326544 )

• decrease in the proportion of reporter expressing cells in the cranial region at E10.5 a some embryos

cellular

increased cranial neural crest cell apoptosis ( J:326544 )

• in the developing head region at E9.5

nervous system

decreased cranial neural crest cell number ( J:326544 )

• decrease in the proportion of reporter expressing cells in the cranial region at E10.5 a some embryos

Allelic Composition	Setd5^{tm1c(EUCOMM)Wtsi}/Setd5⁺ Tbx1^tm1Bld/Tbx1⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129S7/SvEvBrd * C57BL/6 * FVB/N

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Setd5^{tm1c(EUCOMM)Wtsi} mutation (0 available); any Setd5 mutation (125 available)
Tbx1^tm1Bld mutation (1 available); any Tbx1 mutation (36 available)
Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt} mutation (3 available); any Tmem163 mutation (37 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

mortality/aging

mortality/aging ( J:314464 )

N	• double heterozygotes are recovered at normal Mendelian ratios at E14.5

cardiovascular system

abnormal right subclavian artery morphology ( J:314464 )

• at E14.5, 21% of double heterozygotes exhibit an aberrant right subclavian artery

abnormal cardiac outflow tract development ( J:314464 )

• at E14.5, 57% of double heterozygotes show OFT rotational defects, including DORV and overriding aorta

• however, no common arterial trunk is identified at E14.5

double outlet right ventricle ( J:314464 )

overriding aortic valve ( J:314464 )

perimembraneous ventricular septal defect ( J:314464 )

• at E14.5, 86% of double heterozygotes exhibit a perimembranous VSD

Allelic Composition	Alk^{tm1.1(ALKF1174L)Heno}/Alk^{tm1.1(ALKF1174L)Heno} Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6 * C57BL/6N * FVB/N * SJL

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Alk^{tm1.1(ALK*F1174L)Heno} mutation (0 available); any Alk mutation (66 available)
Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt} mutation (3 available); any Tmem163 mutation (37 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

nervous system

abnormal stellate ganglion morphology ( J:294092 )

• size of the sympathetic ganglia (stellate ganglia) is larger at E13.5

neoplasm

neoplasm ( J:294092 )

N	• mice show no overt signs of tumorigenesis

Allelic Composition	Rab23^tm1.1Elkg/Rab23^tm1.1Elkg Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺
Genetic Background	involves: C57BL/6 * FVB/N

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Rab23^tm1.1Elkg mutation (0 available); any Rab23 mutation (33 available)
Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt} mutation (3 available); any Tmem163 mutation (37 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

mortality/aging

postnatal lethality, complete penetrance ( J:371856 )

• mice die postnatally

growth/size/body

fetal growth retardation ( J:371856 )

• growth retardation is seen at E18.5

cellular

abnormal primary cilium morphology ( J:371856 )

• mice show cell-type specific ciliary abnormalities in chondrocytes, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), and neocortical neurons, but not in epithelial cells or cerebellar granule cells

• decrease in the number of cells bearing primary cilium in the cerebral cortex, including the Tbr1-expressing cortical intermediate progenitors at E18.5

• chondrocytes show a 16.75% reduction in primary cilia length, although the change in prevalence of ciliation is not seen in E18.5 embryos

• MEFs exhibit unchanged primary cilia length but show a reduced ciliation frequency

• however, normal prevalence of ciliation is seen in Pax6-expressing granule cell precursors in the cerebellar anlage and in E-cadherin-expressing epithelial cells lining the dermal layer

craniofacial

abnormal craniofacial morphology ( J:371856 )

• craniofacial anomalies are seen at E18.5

embryo

abnormal neural tube morphology ( J:371856 )

• E12.5 embryos have an aberrant posterior neural tube

limbs/digits/tail

polysyndactyly ( J:371856 )

• 85.7% prevalence of polysyndactyly is seen at E12.5

nervous system

abnormal neural tube morphology ( J:371856 )

• E12.5 embryos have an aberrant posterior neural tube

abnormal brain morphology ( J:371856 )

• embryos exhibit a range of brain anomalies, varying from mild to severe, at E18.5

abnormal upper rhombic lip morphology ( J:371856 )

• milder cases of brain anomalies include altered pattern of the cerebellar anlage at E18.5

abnormal cerebral cortex morphology ( J:371856 )

• milder cases of brain anomalies display thinning and mis-patterning of the cerebral cortex

thin cerebral cortex ( J:371856 )

• milder cases of brain anomalies display thinning of the cerebral cortex

skeleton

abnormal chondrocyte morphology ( J:371856 )

• chondrocytes show a 16.75% reduction in primary cilia length, although the change in prevalence of ciliation is not seen in E18.5 embryos

vision/eye

abnormal eye morphology ( J:371856 )

• E12.5 embryos have missing or abnormal eyes

anophthalmia ( J:371856 )

• some E12.5 embryos have missing eyes

Mouse Models of Human Disease		DO ID	OMIM ID(s)	Ref(s)
Carpenter syndrome 1		DOID:0061098	OMIM:201000	J:371856

Allelic Composition	Dppa2^tm1.1Reik/Dppa2⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺
Genetic Background	involves: C57BL/6 * FVB/N

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Dppa2^tm1.1Reik mutation (0 available); any Dppa2 mutation (27 available)
Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt} mutation (3 available); any Tmem163 mutation (37 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

cellular

maternal effect ( J:316936 )

• fewer than expected mice are produced in the absence of maternal and zygotic Dppa2 and Dppa4 expression with high lethality by P3

Allelic Composition	Dppa2^tm2.1Reik/Dppa2^tm2.1Reik Dppa4^tm2.1Reik/Dppa4^tm2.1Reik Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺
Genetic Background	involves: C57BL/6 * FVB/N

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Dppa2^tm2.1Reik mutation (0 available); any Dppa2 mutation (27 available)
Dppa4^tm2.1Reik mutation (0 available); any Dppa4 mutation (31 available)
Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt} mutation (3 available); any Tmem163 mutation (37 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

cellular

maternal effect ( J:316936 )

• fewer than expected mice are produced in the absence of maternal and zygotic Dppa2 and Dppa4 expression with high lethality by P3

• however, female mice mated to wild-type male mice exhibit embryos that develop normal blastocysts

Allelic Composition	Dppa4^tm1.1Reik/Dppa4⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺
Genetic Background	involves: C57BL/6 * FVB/N

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Dppa4^tm1.1Reik mutation (0 available); any Dppa4 mutation (31 available)
Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt} mutation (3 available); any Tmem163 mutation (37 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

cellular

maternal effect ( J:316936 )

• mice mated to null male mice exhibit loss of offspring prior to or immediately after birth

Allelic Composition	Snrpb^em1Lajm/Snrpb⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺
Genetic Background	involves: C57BL/6J * CD1 * FVB/N

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Snrpb^em1Lajm mutation (0 available); any Snrpb mutation (16 available)
Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt} mutation (3 available); any Tmem163 mutation (37 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

mortality/aging

prenatal lethality, complete penetrance ( J:326544 )

• no heterozygotes are found at birth but are present at E8.5

Allelic Composition	Setd5^{tm1c(EUCOMM)Wtsi}/Setd5⁺ Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺
Genetic Background	involves: C57BL/6N * FVB/N

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Setd5^{tm1c(EUCOMM)Wtsi} mutation (0 available); any Setd5 mutation (125 available)
Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt} mutation (3 available); any Tmem163 mutation (37 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

cardiovascular system

abnormal cardiac outflow tract development ( J:314464 )

• at E14.5, 50% of heterozygotes show outflow tract (OFT) rotational defects (OFT fails to align with the two future ventricles at the looping stage), including DORV and overriding aorta

• however, OFT septation is normal; no aberrant right subclavian artery or common arterial trunk are identified at E14.5

double outlet right ventricle ( J:314464 )

• at E14.5

overriding aortic valve ( J:314464 )

• at E14.5

perimembraneous ventricular septal defect ( J:314464 )

• at E14.5, 75% of heterozygotes exhibit a perimembranous VSD

Allelic Composition	Orc4^{tm1c(EUCOMM)Wtsi}/Orc4^{tm1c(EUCOMM)Wtsi} Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt}/Tmem163⁺
Genetic Background	involves: C57BL/6N * FVB/N

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Orc4^{tm1c(EUCOMM)Wtsi} mutation (0 available); any Orc4 mutation (54 available)
Tmem163^{Tg(ACTB-cre)2Mrt} mutation (3 available); any Tmem163 mutation (37 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

reproductive system

abnormal oocyte morphology ( J:326522 )

• MII oocytes are poorly developed

abnormal polar body morphology ( J:326522 )

• reduced polar body extrusion

abnormal female meiosis ( J:326522 )

• half of cultured oocytes arrest at the germinal vesicle, meiosis I, or anaphase I stages

• MII oocytes progress to the two-cell stage without DNA synthesis

female infertility ( J:326522 )

• infertility cannot be rescued by intracytoplasmic sperm injection

cellular

abnormal oocyte morphology ( J:326522 )

• MII oocytes are poorly developed

abnormal polar body morphology ( J:326522 )

• reduced polar body extrusion

abnormal female meiosis ( J:326522 )

• half of cultured oocytes arrest at the germinal vesicle, meiosis I, or anaphase I stages

• MII oocytes progress to the two-cell stage without DNA synthesis

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