mortality/aging
|
• no viable embryos are identified after E14.5
• however, embryos appear grossly normal at E12.5
|
homeostasis/metabolism
cardiovascular system
|
• severe thinning of the myocardium by E12.5
|
|
• abnormal heart development between E10.5 and E12.5
|
|
• at E12.5, the number of tropomyosin (TMY)-positive cardiomyocytes is significantly reduced in the ventricles
• however, no increase in programmed cell death is observed and actin filaments are intact
|
|
• heart fails to form an apex for either the left or the right ventricle
|
|
• enlarged right atrium at E12.5; more pronounced at E13.5
|
|
• ballooning of the right atria by E13.5, indicating blood pooling in the right ventricle
|
|
• misshapen heart at E13.5
|
|
• severe cardiac hypoplasia by E13.5
• at E12.5, cardiac hypoplasia is specific to cardiomyocytes and does not affect the epicardium or endothelial cells
|
|
• narrower ventricular lumens by E13.5
|
|
• decreased trabeculation at E12.5
|
|
• underdeveloped interventricular septum at E12.5
|
|
• membranous ventricular septal defects by E13.5
|
|
• malformed left ventricle at E12.5; more pronounced at E13.5
|
|
• thinning of the ventricular walls starting at E12.5
|
|
• inflated pericardial sacs at E13.5
|
hemorrhage
(
J:221324
)
|
• severe blood hemorrhaging at E13.5
|
|
• decreased blood flow throughout the vasculature by E13.5
|
|
• at E12.5, the G1-to-S phase progression of cardiomyocytes is impaired, as shown by a prolonged or arrested G1 phase, a reduction in DNA synthesis, an increase in phospho-RB, and a decrease in the cardiac mitotic index
|
|
• cardiomyocyte proliferation is significantly reduced in E12.5 ventricles, as shown by EdU incorporation
|
cellular
|
• cardiomyocyte proliferation is significantly reduced in E12.5 ventricles, as shown by EdU incorporation
|
|
• at E12.5, cell cycle profiling of cardiac nuclei revealed a significant increase of cells in G1 phase and a simultaneous decrease of cells in S phase, with no alteration in the % of cells in G2 phase
|
|
• cardiomyocyte mitotic index is significantly reduced in E12.5 ventricles, as shown by phospho-histone H3 staining
|
muscle
|
• decreased trabeculation at E12.5
|
|
• severe thinning of the myocardium by E12.5
|
|
• cardiomyocyte proliferation is significantly reduced in E12.5 ventricles, as shown by EdU incorporation
|


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