Phenotypes associated with this allele
mortality/aging
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• putative homozygous embryos appear as small masses of vacuolated cells in decidual crypts at the time normal embryos are implanting; the abnormal embryo is resorbed within 36 hours
• Background Sensitivity: the genotype of the mother, with or without Ay, determines if a homozygous embryo dies at the initial stage of implantation or after the process begins
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cellular
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• introducing homozygous Ay embryos into the uterus of a wild-type mouse delays embryonic death until after implantation begins
• there are approximately twice the number of cells, development of a small ectoplacental cone and Reichert's membrane, and disintegration of the decidual epithelium characteristic of an advanced implantation site
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neoplasm
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• incidence of testicular germ cell tumors is decreased 24% compared to in 129S1/SvImJ-Chr 19/Na mice
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growth/size/body
Ay/a mouse
behavior/neurological
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• the stress of isolation, restraint, or ip injection inhibits feeding
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pigmentation
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• tyrosinase levels in hairbulb melanocytes ,as determined by 35S methionine incorporation and immunotitration, are reduced in comparison to a/a controls
• decreased tyrosinase suggests the production of predominantly phaeomelanin (yellow)
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integument
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• tyrosinase levels in hairbulb melanocytes ,as determined by 35S methionine incorporation and immunotitration, are reduced in comparison to a/a controls
• decreased tyrosinase suggests the production of predominantly phaeomelanin (yellow)
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Allelic Composition |
Ay/A
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Genetic Background |
involves: C3H/HeJ * C57BL/6J-Ay/a |
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Allelic Composition |
Ay/A
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Genetic Background |
involves: C57BL/6 |
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adipose tissue
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• female mice have a 6-fold gain in weight of BAT compared to littermate controls
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• female mice have almost a 7-fold gain in weight of fat pad
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• female mice have a greater than 6-fold gain in weight of fat pad
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• female mice have almost a 6-fold gain in weight of fat pad
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• female mice have almost a 4-fold gain in percentage of body fat compared to littermate controls
• male mice have almost a 1.8-fold gain in percentage of body fat compared to littermate controls
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behavior/neurological
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• 18 week old mice eat about 1.4 times more food during a 7 day period compared to wild-type controls
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• the locomotor activity of mice is about half that of wild-type mice
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growth/size/body
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• by 23 weeks of age, female mice have almost double the weight compared to their wild-type littermate controls
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• female but not male mice have a significant 5% increase in their body length
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• mice gain weight at a greater rate than littermate controls starting at six weeks of age
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• female mice have almost a 2-fold gain in weight of the liver
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homeostasis/metabolism
liver/biliary system
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• female mice have almost a 2-fold gain in weight of the liver
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pigmentation
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• mice have a yellow coat color
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integument
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• mice have a yellow coat color
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Allelic Composition |
Ay/a
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Genetic Background |
involves: KK |
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homeostasis/metabolism
adipose tissue
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• adipose tissue weight increases with age, reaching a maximum at 10 weeks of age
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growth/size/body
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• greater body weight gain occurs in females as compared to black KK controls
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• islets are hypertrophic in 10-16 week old mice
• central cavity formation with occasional red blood cells is observed in islets
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• beta cells are degranulated
• degranulated islets are infiltrated with fine glycogen granules
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renal/urinary system
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• present at all ages tested (5, 10, 16 weeks) and in both sexes
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• basement membrane of Bowman's capsules is thickened
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• some glomeruli exhibit an accumulation of eosinophilic material in the outer parts of the capillary
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• mesangial matrix is thickened
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• basement membrane of tubules is thickened
• hyaline materials or hyaline cast is present in tubules
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• hyaline materials or hyaline cast is present in tubules
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integument
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• slightly darker than in Ay/a mice on the dorsal region
• darker ventral region hair compared with Ay/a mice
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pigmentation
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• slightly darker than in Ay/a mice on the dorsal region
• darker ventral region hair compared with Ay/a mice
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cardiovascular system
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• mutants develop larger atherosclerotic plaques than a/a Apoetm1Unc/Apoetm1Unc mice
• plaques contain a higher proportion of macrophage infiltration
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growth/size/body
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• mutants exhibit increased weight gain, despite similar food intake as controls
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hematopoietic system
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• increase in the proportion of inflammatory monocytes in the blood, liver, muscle, and kidney, but not epididymal fat pads
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homeostasis/metabolism
immune system
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• increase in the proportion of inflammatory monocytes in the blood, liver, muscle, and kidney, but not epididymal fat pads
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• increase in systemic inflammation
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renal/urinary system
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• mutants develop features of diabetic nephropathy
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• mutants exhibit mesangial expansion as indicated by glycogen deposition in the glomeruli
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• 20-30% of mutants exhibit nodular sclerosis in the kidney
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growth/size/body
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• male double homozygotes were more obese than heterozygous Ay males whereas females weighted the same as heterozygous Ay females
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behavior/neurological
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• in mice treated with diptheria toxin (DT) to specifically ablate NPY-expressing cells
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growth/size/body
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• in mice treated with diptheria toxin (DT) to specifically ablate NPY-expressing cells
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integument
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• dark-like homozygotes heterozygous for yellow have much darker dorsal hair than mice heterozygous for both mutations, placing dark-like downstream of agouti transcription
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pigmentation
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• dark-like homozygotes heterozygous for yellow have much darker dorsal hair than mice heterozygous for both mutations, placing dark-like downstream of agouti transcription
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growth/size/body
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• mice heterozygous for yellow are obese and longer than normal to the same degree regardless of being wild-type or homozygous for dark-like
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adipose tissue
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• female mice have a 2-fold gain in mg of BAT compared to littermate controls
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• female mice have almost a 2-fold increase in fat pad weight compared to wild-type controls
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• female mice have about a 2-fold increase in fat pad weight compared to wild-type controls
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• female mice have about a 2-fold increase in fat pad weight compared to wild-type controls
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• female and male mice have a 1.6-fold gain in percentage of body fat compared to littermate controls
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behavior/neurological
N |
• food consumption and circulating levels of leptin are close to wild-type levels, which is significantly less compared to mice with only the Ay mutant allele
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• locomotor activity is about 1.5-fold higher compared to wild-type control mice
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growth/size/body
N |
• mean body weight and length of 20-23 week old mice is similar to wild-type littermate controls and is less than is observed in mice with only the Ay mutant allele
• weight and percentage of body fat in female mice is higher than in wild-type mice but is significantly lower than is observed in mice with only the Ay mutant allele
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• male but not female mice gain weight at a greater rate than littermate controls starting at six weeks of age
• rate of weight gain in male mice is significantly less than in Ay heterozygotes
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pigmentation
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• mice have a yellow coat color
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integument
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• mice have a yellow coat color
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Allelic Composition |
Ay/A Prkar2btm2Gsm/Prkar2b+
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Genetic Background |
involves: C57BL/6 |
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adipose tissue
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• mice have increased percentage of body fat but is 10% less than what is observed in Ay heterozygotes
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behavior/neurological
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• mice have a higher food consumption but is about 10% less than the amount Ay heterozygotes consume
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growth/size/body
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• mice have increased rate of weight growth compared to wild-type mice but significantly less than in Ay heterozygotes
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Allelic Composition |
Ay/a Mssq6KK/TaJcl/?
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Genetic Background |
involves: C57BL/6JJcl * KK/TaJcl |
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craniofacial
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• increased mandible size
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skeleton
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• increased mandible size
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Find Mice |
Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
a mutation
(229 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Ay mutation
(12 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Mssq5C57BL/6JJcl mutation
(0 available);
any
Mssq5 mutation
(0 available)
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craniofacial
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• increased mandible size
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skeleton
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• increased mandible size
|
|
Find Mice |
Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
a mutation
(229 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Ay mutation
(12 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Mssq6C57BL/6JJcl mutation
(0 available);
any
Mssq6 mutation
(0 available)
|
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craniofacial
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• increased values for principal component analysis of mandible size
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skeleton
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• increased values for principal component analysis of mandible size
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Allelic Composition |
Ay/a Mssq7KK/TaJcl/?
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Genetic Background |
involves: C57BL/6JJcl * KK/TaJcl |
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craniofacial
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• increased mandible size
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skeleton
|
• increased mandible size
|
|
Find Mice |
Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
a mutation
(229 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Ay mutation
(12 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Mssq9C57BL/6JJcl mutation
(0 available);
any
Mssq9 mutation
(0 available)
|
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craniofacial
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• increased mandible size
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skeleton
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• increased mandible size
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Allelic Composition |
Ay/a Mssq10KK/TaJcl/?
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Genetic Background |
involves: C57BL/6JJcl * KK/TaJcl |
|
Find Mice |
Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
a mutation
(229 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Ay mutation
(12 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Mssq10KK/TaJcl mutation
(0 available);
any
Mssq10 mutation
(0 available)
|
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craniofacial
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• increased mandible size
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skeleton
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• increased mandible size
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Allelic Composition |
Ay/a Mssq11KK/TaJcl/?
|
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Genetic Background |
involves: C57BL/6JJcl * KK/TaJcl |
|
Find Mice |
Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
a mutation
(229 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Ay mutation
(12 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Mssq11KK/TaJcl mutation
(0 available);
any
Mssq11 mutation
(0 available)
|
|
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craniofacial
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• increased values for principal component analysis of mandible size measurements
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skeleton
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• increased values for principal component analysis of mandible size measurements
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Allelic Composition |
Ay/a Mssq12KK/TaJcl/?
|
|
Genetic Background |
involves: C57BL/6JJcl * KK/TaJcl |
|
Find Mice |
Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
a mutation
(229 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Ay mutation
(12 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Mssq12KK/TaJcl mutation
(0 available);
any
Mssq12 mutation
(0 available)
|
|
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craniofacial
|
• increased values for principal component analysis of mandible size measurements
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skeleton
|
• increased values for principal component analysis of mandible size measurements
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Allelic Composition |
Ay/a Mssq13KK/TaJcl/?
|
|
Genetic Background |
involves: C57BL/6JJcl * KK/TaJcl |
|
Find Mice |
Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
a mutation
(229 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Ay mutation
(12 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Mssq13KK/TaJcl mutation
(0 available);
any
Mssq13 mutation
(0 available)
|
|
|
craniofacial
|
• increased values for principal component analysis of mandible size measurements
|
skeleton
|
• increased values for principal component analysis of mandible size measurements
|
|
Find Mice |
Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
a mutation
(229 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Ay mutation
(12 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Mssq13C57BL/6JJcl mutation
(0 available);
any
Mssq13 mutation
(0 available)
|
|
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craniofacial
|
• increased mandible size
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skeleton
|
• increased mandible size
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Allelic Composition |
Ay/a Mssq14KK/TaJcl/?
|
|
Genetic Background |
involves: C57BL/6JJcl * KK/TaJcl |
|
Find Mice |
Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
a mutation
(229 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Ay mutation
(12 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Mssq14KK/TaJcl mutation
(0 available);
any
Mssq14 mutation
(0 available)
|
|
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craniofacial
|
• increased mandible size
• increased values for principal component analysis of mandible size measurements
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skeleton
|
• increased mandible size
• increased values for principal component analysis of mandible size measurements
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Allelic Composition |
Ay/a Mssq16KK/TaJcl/?
|
|
Genetic Background |
involves: C57BL/6JJcl * KK/TaJcl |
|
Find Mice |
Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
a mutation
(229 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Ay mutation
(12 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Mssq16KK/TaJcl mutation
(0 available);
any
Mssq16 mutation
(0 available)
|
|
|
craniofacial
|
• increased mandible size
|
skeleton
|
• increased mandible size
|
Allelic Composition |
Ay/a Mssq1KK/TaJcl/?
|
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Genetic Background |
involves: C57BL/6JJcl * KK/TaJcl |
|
|
|
craniofacial
|
• increased mandible size
|
skeleton
|
• increased mandible size
|
|
Find Mice |
Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
a mutation
(229 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Ay mutation
(12 available);
any
a mutation
(463 available)
Mssq2C57BL/6JJcl mutation
(0 available);
any
Mssq2 mutation
(0 available)
Mssq2KK/TaJcl mutation
(0 available);
any
Mssq2 mutation
(0 available)
|
|
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craniofacial
|
• increased mandible size
|
skeleton
|
• increased mandible size
|
Allelic Composition |
Ay/a Mssq3KK/TaJcl/?
|
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Genetic Background |
involves: C57BL/6JJcl * KK/TaJcl |
|
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craniofacial
|
• increased mandible size
|
skeleton
|
• increased mandible size
|
Allelic Composition |
Ay/a Mssq4KK/TaJcl/?
|
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Genetic Background |
involves: C57BL/6JJcl * KK/TaJcl |
|
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craniofacial
|
• increased mandible size
|
skeleton
|
• increased mandible size
|
homeostasis/metabolism
renal/urinary system
|
• increased glucosuria severity at 40 days of age
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Allelic Composition |
a/Ay Guq1KK/Guq1KK
|
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Genetic Background |
involves: C57BL/6J * KK-Ay |
|
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homeostasis/metabolism
renal/urinary system
|
• increased glucosuria severity at 40 days of age
|
Allelic Composition |
a/Ay Bwq2KK/Bwq2KK
|
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Genetic Background |
involves: C57BL/6J * KK-Ay |
|
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growth/size/body
|
• increased body weight at 40-100 days of age
(J:93199)
• increased body weight at 40, 50, and 60 days of age
(J:131439)
|
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• increased weight gain at 30-40 days of age
|
growth/size/body
|
• increased body weight at 40, 50, and 60 days of age
|
growth/size/body
|
• compared with Ay/a mice
|
homeostasis/metabolism
behavior/neurological
|
• compared with Ay/a mice
|
liver/biliary system
|
• compared with Ay/a mice
|
adipose tissue
N |
• mice exhibit normal intra-abdominal fat
|
pigmentation
|
• upon induction of Ppargc1a expression in melanocytes, mice exhibit a noticeably darkened coat color relative to the yellow coat color of Ay/a Tg(Tyr-rtTA)37Lc/0 mice; however, the coat color does not become completely black
|
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• upon induction of Ppargc1a expression in melanocytes, mice exhibit significantly increased presence of melanin in hair follicles relative to Ay/a Tg(Tyr-rtTA)37Lc/0 mice
|
integument
|
• upon induction of Ppargc1a expression in melanocytes, mice exhibit a noticeably darkened coat color relative to the yellow coat color of Ay/a Tg(Tyr-rtTA)37Lc/0 mice; however, the coat color does not become completely black
|
|
• upon induction of Ppargc1a expression in melanocytes, mice exhibit significantly increased presence of melanin in hair follicles relative to Ay/a Tg(Tyr-rtTA)37Lc/0 mice
|
growth/size/body
|
• unlike Ay/a mice, the body weight of double homozygotes is similar to that of Dmbx1tm1Sse homozygotes
|
Allelic Composition |
Ay/a Tyrp1B-lt/?
|
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Genetic Background |
Not Specified |
|
|
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pigmentation
|
• the light mutation does not seem to impact the yellow phenotype since the coat color of mice without the light mutation is the same yellow coat color as that found in mice carrying at least one copy of the light mutation
|
integument
|
• the light mutation does not seem to impact the yellow phenotype since the coat color of mice without the light mutation is the same yellow coat color as that found in mice carrying at least one copy of the light mutation
|
integument
|
• less white spotting is seen in mice of this genotype than in mice without Ay
• a modifier of the amount of white spotting in heterozygous Kit mice was determined to reduce white spotting in heterozygous Ay mice
|
pigmentation
|
• less white spotting is seen in mice of this genotype than in mice without Ay
• a modifier of the amount of white spotting in heterozygous Kit mice was determined to reduce white spotting in heterozygous Ay mice
|