Analysis Tools
growth/size/body
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• 9 week old mice show a decrease in total body weight
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reproductive system
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• mice show an increase in diploid germ cells whereas cells with haploid DNA content are reduced
• elevation of intracellular hydroperoxide in germ cells
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• the internal membrane structure of the spermatozoa mitochondria is irregular, with disappearance of cristae-like folds and formation of electron-dense central clumps
• however, the outer mitochondrial membranes are normal
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• epididymal spermatozoa exhibit severe flagellar defects, with flagellum folded at the midpiece-principal junction into a sharp hairpin configuration
• testicular spermatozoa are fully formed and have extended flagellum, however caput spermatozoa show abnormal flagellar bending in the posterior midpiece of the flagellum
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• in 70% of seminiferous tubules, little or no spermatocytes, spermatids, or sperm are seen
• only spermatogonia are seen among germinal cells in damaged seminiferous tubules, indicating that germinal cells die before postnatal mitosis but not before meiosis
• mice show more seminiferous tubules with activated caspase 3+ spermatocytes, indicating germ cell death
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• spermatozoa number in epididymal semen is decreased
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small testis
(
J:156326
)
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• males are infertile
• spermatozoa show no evidence of fertilization of wild-type eggs in vitro
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• mitochondrial membrane potential of cauda spermatozoa is decreased after 2 hours in vitro incubation in TYH medium but is normally maintained when in vitro incubation is omitted
• mitochondria of cauda spermatozoa show a reduction in the active respiration state and a decrease in the respiratory efficiency
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• forward motility of spermatozoa is reduced to 24% of controls
• hairpin configuration spermatozoa frequently show weak flagellar beating particularly at the principal segment
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cellular
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• mice show an increase in diploid germ cells whereas cells with haploid DNA content are reduced
• elevation of intracellular hydroperoxide in germ cells
|
|
|
• the internal membrane structure of the spermatozoa mitochondria is irregular, with disappearance of cristae-like folds and formation of electron-dense central clumps
• however, the outer mitochondrial membranes are normal
|
|
|
• epididymal spermatozoa exhibit severe flagellar defects, with flagellum folded at the midpiece-principal junction into a sharp hairpin configuration
• testicular spermatozoa are fully formed and have extended flagellum, however caput spermatozoa show abnormal flagellar bending in the posterior midpiece of the flagellum
|
|
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• in 70% of seminiferous tubules, little or no spermatocytes, spermatids, or sperm are seen
• only spermatogonia are seen among germinal cells in damaged seminiferous tubules, indicating that germinal cells die before postnatal mitosis but not before meiosis
• mice show more seminiferous tubules with activated caspase 3+ spermatocytes, indicating germ cell death
|
|
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• spermatozoa number in epididymal semen is decreased
|
|
|
• forward motility of spermatozoa is reduced to 24% of controls
• hairpin configuration spermatozoa frequently show weak flagellar beating particularly at the principal segment
|
|
|
• mitochondrial membrane potential of cauda spermatozoa is decreased after 2 hours in vitro incubation in TYH medium but is normally maintained when in vitro incubation is omitted
• mitochondria of cauda spermatozoa show a reduction in the active respiration state and a decrease in the respiratory efficiency
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endocrine/exocrine glands
small testis
(
J:156326
)
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