All Phenotypes Th<+> MGI Mouse

About Help FAQ

Phenotypes associated with this allele

Allele Symbol
Allele Name
Allele ID

Th⁺
wild type
MGI:2432222

Summary

13 genotypes

Jump to	Allelic Composition	Genetic Background	Genotype ID
ht1	Th^tm1Tna/Th⁺	B6.129-Th^tm1Tna	MGI:3629513
ht2	Th^em1(IMPC)H/Th⁺	C57BL/6N-Th^em1(IMPC)H/H	MGI:6288773
ht3	Th^tm1Gfng/Th⁺	involves: 129S1/Sv * 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6J	MGI:3690136
cn4	Sdhd^tm1Jlob/Sdhd^tm2Jlob Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺	involves: 129S1/Sv * 129X1/SvJ	MGI:5438130
cn5	Slc17a6^tm1Kldr/Slc17a6^tm1Kldr Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺	involves: 129S1/Sv * 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6	MGI:4887826
cn6	Grpr^tm1Jfb/Grpr^tm1Jfb Slc17a6^tm1Kldr/Slc17a6^tm1Kldr Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺	involves: 129S1/Sv * 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6	MGI:4887830
cn7	Ndufa4l2^tm1.1Jlob/Ndufa4l2^tm1.2Jlob Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺	involves: 129S/Sv * 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6NCrl * C57BL/6NTac	MGI:6724163
cn8	Cox4i2^tm1Hutt/Cox4i2^tm1.1Jlob Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺	involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6	MGI:6724164
cn9	Tg(CAG-Alk*F1174L,-luc)60Jhsc/0 Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺	involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6 * FVB/N	MGI:6196045
cn10	Med22^{tm1a(EUCOMM)Hmgu}/Med22⁺ Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺	involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6N	MGI:6509610
cn11	Med22^{tm1a(EUCOMM)Hmgu}/Med22^{tm1a(EUCOMM)Hmgu} Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺	involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6N	MGI:6509609
cn12	Psmc1^tm1Maye/Psmc1^tm1.1Maye Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺	involves: 129X1/SvJ * CD-1	MGI:3809797
cn13	Psmc1^tm1Maye/Psmc1^tm1Maye Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺	involves: 129X1/SvJ * CD-1	MGI:3809774

Allelic Composition	Th^tm1Tna/Th⁺
Genetic Background	B6.129-Th^tm1Tna

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Th^tm1Tna mutation (0 available); any Th mutation (58 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

behavior/neurological

abnormal learning/memory/conditioning ( J:60963 )

• heterozygotes exhibit impairment in the water-finding task associated with latent learning performance; training fails to shorten the finding and drinking latencies, despite normal locomotor activity and exploratory behavior

• post-training latencies for both finding and drinking performances are restored by desipramine-induced stimulation of noradrenergic activity

abnormal associative learning ( J:60963 )

• heterozygotes exhibit mild impairment in long-term memory formation in three distinct forms of associative learning (active avoidance, cued fear conditioning, and conditioned taste aversion)

• associative learning deficits are restored by desipramine-induced stimulation of noradrenergic activity

• notablty, spatial learning and hippocampal long-term potentiation remain unaffected

abnormal active avoidance behavior ( J:60963 )

abnormal conditioned taste aversion behavior ( J:60963 )

abnormal cued conditioning behavior ( J:60963 )

homeostasis/metabolism

abnormal noradrenaline level ( J:60963 )

• heterozygotes show a moderate reduction of noradrenaline levels in brains regions, including the frontal cortex, midbrain, hypothalamus, hippocampus and pons medulla, to 73%-80% of wild-type levels

• measurement of extracellular noradrenaline levels in the frontal cortex by microdialysis indicates a significant reduction in high K⁺-evoked noradrenaline release

Allelic Composition	Th^em1(IMPC)H/Th⁺
Genetic Background	C57BL/6N-Th^em1(IMPC)H/H

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Th^em1(IMPC)H mutation (2 available); any Th mutation (58 available)

Data Sources

IMPC Data for Th

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

behavior/neurological

abnormal gait ( J:211773 )

IMPC - HAR

Allelic Composition	Th^tm1Gfng/Th⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129S1/Sv * 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6J

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Th^tm1Gfng mutation (0 available); any Th mutation (58 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

normal phenotype

no abnormal phenotype detected ( J:113138 )

• mice are viable and appear normal

Allelic Composition	Sdhd^tm1Jlob/Sdhd^tm2Jlob Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129S1/Sv * 129X1/SvJ

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Sdhd^tm1Jlob mutation (1 available); any Sdhd mutation (16 available)
Sdhd^tm2Jlob mutation (1 available); any Sdhd mutation (16 available)
Th^tm1(cre)Te mutation (1 available); any Th mutation (58 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

mortality/aging

premature death ( J:186713 )

• most mice die before the first year of age

nervous system

abnormal adrenal chromaffin cell morphology ( J:186713 )

• adrenal medulla chromaffin cells exhibit decreased intracellular ATP compared with wild-type cells

• mice exhibit a decrease in catecholaminergic cells compared with wild-type mice

abnormal dopaminergic neuron morphology ( J:186713 )

• exhibit impaired maturation and accelerated degeneration of dopaminergic cells, aggressively in the substantia nigra pars compacta, compared with wild-type mice

loss of dopaminergic neurons ( J:186713 )

decreased neuron number ( J:186713 )

• mice exhibit decreased neuron numbers in the adrenal medulla, carotid body and superior cervical ganglion compared with wild-type mice

• mice exhibit a decrease in catecholaminergic cells compared with wild-type mice

• progressive reduction in the ventral mesencephalic TH+ neurons with almost complete disappearance of neurons between 6 and 12 months

• neurons loss is less severe in the ventral tegmental area

• however, treatment with an antioxidant in the drinking water rescues neuron survival

behavior/neurological

decreased locomotor activity ( J:186713 )

• progressive bradykinetic syndrome with decreased distance traveled in the open field and increase in time spent at rest

bradykinesia ( J:186713 )

• progressive bradykinetic syndrome with decreased distance traveled in the open field and increase in time spent at rest

endocrine/exocrine glands

abnormal adrenal chromaffin cell morphology ( J:186713 )

• adrenal medulla chromaffin cells exhibit decreased intracellular ATP compared with wild-type cells

• mice exhibit a decrease in catecholaminergic cells compared with wild-type mice

homeostasis/metabolism

decreased dopamine level ( J:186713 )

• at 2.5 months, mice fail to exhibit an increase in dopamine and its metabolites unlike in wild-type mice

cellular

oxidative stress ( J:186713 )

• increased lipid peroxidation in the adrenal medulla

growth/size/body

decreased birth body size ( J:186713 )

neoplasm

neoplasm ( J:186713 )

N	• mice do not develop tumors

Allelic Composition	Slc17a6^tm1Kldr/Slc17a6^tm1Kldr Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129S1/Sv * 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Slc17a6^tm1Kldr mutation (1 available); any Slc17a6 mutation (60 available)
Th^tm1(cre)Te mutation (1 available); any Th mutation (58 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

behavior/neurological

excessive scratching ( J:167752 )

abnormal pain threshold ( J:167752 )

• mice display decreased responsiveness to radiant heat but response to mechanically-induced pain is not significantly different from wild-type controls

decreased chemically-elicited antinociception ( J:167752 )

• mice have decreased sensitivity to inflammatory pain induced by formalin injection, but response to mechanically-induced pain is not different from wild-type

increased thermal nociceptive threshold ( J:167752 )

• latency of withdrawal in hot plate tests is significantly greater than wild-type at both 52 and 48 degrees

homeostasis/metabolism

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype ( J:167752 )

N	• plasma creatinine, urea, and tyroxine 4 levels are normal, with slightly elevated by still within normal range levels of alanine aminotransferase; this excludes a systemic disorder (chronic itch) as underlying the elevated scratching

integument

mixed cellular infiltration to dermis ( J:167752 )

• immune cells are found in the dermis in wounded areas indicative of prolonged scratching and rubbing

thick epidermis ( J:167752 )

• mice display thickened epidermis of psoriasiform type in wounded areas

skin lesions ( J:167752 )

• mice develop lesions (ulcerations) in the neck and upper back region

increased pruritus ( J:167752 )

• mice display a chronic itch behavior (display frequent scratching episodes)

• topical application of a histamine receptor antagonist significantly reduces scratching behavior; oral administration of a blood-brain barrier impermeant antihistamine causes a similar reduction in scratching

• topical administration of capsaicin reduces the itch phenotype

Allelic Composition	Grpr^tm1Jfb/Grpr^tm1Jfb Slc17a6^tm1Kldr/Slc17a6^tm1Kldr Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129S1/Sv * 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Grpr^tm1Jfb mutation (1 available); any Grpr mutation (13 available)
Slc17a6^tm1Kldr mutation (1 available); any Slc17a6 mutation (60 available)
Th^tm1(cre)Te mutation (1 available); any Th mutation (58 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

behavior/neurological

excessive scratching ( J:167752 )

• compound mutant mice show elevated scratching compared to wild-type but this is significantly reduced from that shown by mutants with intact Grpr function

Allelic Composition	Ndufa4l2^tm1.1Jlob/Ndufa4l2^tm1.2Jlob Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129S/Sv * 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6NCrl * C57BL/6NTac

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Ndufa4l2^tm1.1Jlob mutation (0 available); any Ndufa4l2 mutation (8 available)
Ndufa4l2^tm1.2Jlob mutation (0 available); any Ndufa4l2 mutation (8 available)
Th^tm1(cre)Te mutation (1 available); any Th mutation (58 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

homeostasis/metabolism

abnormal physiological response to hypoxia ( J:302384 )

• slightly higher responsiveness to hypoxia

• however, mice exhibit normal ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia

Allelic Composition	Cox4i2^tm1Hutt/Cox4i2^tm1.1Jlob Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Cox4i2^tm1.1Jlob mutation (0 available); any Cox4i2 mutation (9 available)
Cox4i2^tm1Hutt mutation (0 available); any Cox4i2 mutation (9 available)
Th^tm1(cre)Te mutation (1 available); any Th mutation (58 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

homeostasis/metabolism

abnormal physiological response to hypoxia ( J:302384 )

• loss of acute responsiveness to hypoxia with decreased glomus cells exhibiting increased cytosolic calcium ions and catecholamine release, and decreased mitochondrial responses to hypoxia

• however, mitochondria complex IV function is normal and ventilatory response to hypercapnia is normal

Allelic Composition	Tg(CAG-Alk*F1174L,-luc)60Jhsc/0 Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6 * FVB/N

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Tg(CAG-Alk*F1174L,-luc)60Jhsc mutation (0 available)
Th^tm1(cre)Te mutation (1 available); any Th mutation (58 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

neoplasm

increased metastatic potential ( J:186696 )

• extensive liver metastases is seen in some mice

increased neuroblastoma incidence ( J:186696 )

• a low number of mice develop palpable neural crest-derived tumors between 130 and 351 days of age resembling neuroblastomas

• tumors form in the neck or abdomen

• the retroperitoneal tumors originate from the adrenal gland

• tumors consist of poorly differentiated cells with large nuclei and sparse neuropil

• neuroblastomas exhibit chromosomal aberrations recapitulating genomic aberrations of human neuroblastomas

endocrine/exocrine glands

adrenal gland hyperplasia ( J:186696 )

• some adrenals appear hypertrophic in mice that do not develop tumors

nervous system

increased neuroblastoma incidence ( J:186696 )

• a low number of mice develop palpable neural crest-derived tumors between 130 and 351 days of age resembling neuroblastomas

• tumors form in the neck or abdomen

• the retroperitoneal tumors originate from the adrenal gland

• tumors consist of poorly differentiated cells with large nuclei and sparse neuropil

• neuroblastomas exhibit chromosomal aberrations recapitulating genomic aberrations of human neuroblastomas

Mouse Models of Human Disease		DO ID	OMIM ID(s)	Ref(s)
neuroblastoma		DOID:769		J:186696

Allelic Composition	Med22^{tm1a(EUCOMM)Hmgu}/Med22⁺ Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6N
Cell Lines	HEPD0884_4_E12

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Med22^{tm1a(EUCOMM)Hmgu} mutation (0 available); any Med22 mutation (12 available)
Th^tm1(cre)Te mutation (1 available); any Th mutation (58 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

renal/urinary system

renal/urinary system phenotype ( J:300239 )

N	• adult heterozygotes show no renal histological abnormalities up to 15 months of age; albuminuria (as measured by urine albumin/creatinine ratios), glomerulus basement membrane (GBM) thickness, and foot process width (as measured by slits/GBM length) are similar to those in control mice

Allelic Composition	Med22^{tm1a(EUCOMM)Hmgu}/Med22^{tm1a(EUCOMM)Hmgu} Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6N
Cell Lines	HEPD0884_4_E12

Find Mice

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

mortality/aging

preweaning lethality, complete penetrance ( J:300239 )

• no homozygous mice are produced from breeding heterozygotes, suggesting embryonic lethality; time of death not specified

Allelic Composition	Psmc1^tm1Maye/Psmc1^tm1.1Maye Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129X1/SvJ * CD-1

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Psmc1^tm1.1Maye mutation (0 available); any Psmc1 mutation (21 available)
Psmc1^tm1Maye mutation (0 available); any Psmc1 mutation (21 available)
Th^tm1(cre)Te mutation (1 available); any Th mutation (58 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

mortality/aging

postnatal lethality ( J:138991 )

• phenotype is identical to the mouse having Psmc1^tm1Maye/Psmc1^tm1.1Maye; Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺

growth/size/body

decreased body size ( J:138991 )

nervous system

gliosis ( J:138991 )

neuron degeneration ( J:138991 )

alpha-synuclein inclusion body ( J:138991 )

homeostasis/metabolism

decreased dopamine level ( J:138991 )

abnormal noradrenaline level ( J:138991 )

cellular

gliosis ( J:138991 )

Allelic Composition	Psmc1^tm1Maye/Psmc1^tm1Maye Th^tm1(cre)Te/Th⁺
Genetic Background	involves: 129X1/SvJ * CD-1

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Psmc1^tm1Maye mutation (0 available); any Psmc1 mutation (21 available)
Th^tm1(cre)Te mutation (1 available); any Th mutation (58 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

mortality/aging

postnatal lethality, complete penetrance ( J:138991 )

• die before day 28

growth/size/body

decreased body size ( J:138991 )

• progressively runty from approximately day 14

nervous system

gliosis ( J:138991 )

• extensive gliosis as a result of the neuronal damage

neuron degeneration ( J:138991 )

• progressive degeneration and consequent loss of neuronal projections to the basal ganglia

alpha-synuclein inclusion body ( J:138991 )

• numerous eosinophilic intraneuronal paranuclear inclusions, containing ubiquitin, alpha-synuclein, and p62, similar to Lewy bodies in nigral neurons

homeostasis/metabolism

decreased dopamine level ( J:138991 )

• decreased dopamine and norepinephrine in the striatum and hypothalamus

abnormal noradrenaline level ( J:138991 )

• decreased dopamine and norepinephrine in the striatum and hypothalamus

• decreased norepinephrine in the hippocampus and brainstem

cellular

gliosis ( J:138991 )

• extensive gliosis as a result of the neuronal damage

Contributing Projects: Mouse Genome Database (MGD), Gene Expression Database (GXD), Mouse Models of Human Cancer database (MMHCdb) (formerly Mouse Tumor Biology (MTB)), Gene Ontology (GO)
Citing These Resources Funding Information Warranty Disclaimer, Privacy Notice, Licensing, & Copyright Send questions and comments to User Support.	last database update 03/25/2025 MGI 6.24