Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• at P50, numbers of diplotene and secondary spermatocytes were reduced to 64% of wild-type numbers
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• reduced germ cell numbers associated with increased apoptosis
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azoospermia
(
J:88169
)
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• absence of elongated spermatids
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• no elongated spermatids were detected
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• at P50, numbers of round spermatids were reduced to only 3% of wild-type numbers
• the few round spermatids that formed appeared abnormal and failed to survive beyond stages VII-VIII
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• at P50, reduced male germ cell numbers were associated with a 4-5-fold increase in germ cell apoptosis
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• significant reduction in seminiferous tubule diameter at P50
• however, numbers of Sertoli cells remained essentially normal based on measurement of nuclear volume per testis
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• as expected, Leydig cell cytoplasmic volume was relatively constant up to P20 and more than doubled between P20 and P50; however, an additional 32% increase occurred between P50 and P140, such that at P140 cytoplasmic volume was 23% higher than that in controls
• at P50, the volumes of mitochondria and lipid droplets were 2-fold higher than in controls; however, only the increase in lipid droplets was statistically significant
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• although Leydig cell number was normal at P12, it was reduced by >40% at later ages (P20, P50, and P140)
• notably, the temporal pattern of change in LC number was generally similar to that of controls
• at P50 and P140, LC number was significantly higher than in Artm1.1Verh males
• immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR for LC-specific markers revealed that steroidogenic function per LC was probably increased
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small testis
(
J:88169
)
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• testes were properly descended but small in size
• normal development of epididymis, vas deferens, coagulating gland, seminal gland, and prostate gland
• normal development of Leydig cells and peritubular myoid cells
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• at P50, testis weight was reduced to 28.4% of wild-type weight
(J:88169)
• although normal at P12, testis weight was reduced to 53% of control value at P20 and to 25-30% of control value at P50 and P140
(J:100799)
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• spermatogenic arrest at the late spermatocyte/spermatid stage
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• normal entry into meiosis, but progressive loss of pachytene primary spermatocytes between stages VI and XII
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• at P50, epididymis weight was reduced by 30% relative to wild-type
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• at P50, serum FSH leves were elevated by 34% relative to wild-type
• in contrast, serum levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormone remained normal
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• significant reduction in seminiferous tubule diameter at P50
• however, numbers of Sertoli cells remained essentially normal based on measurement of nuclear volume per testis
|
|
|
• as expected, Leydig cell cytoplasmic volume was relatively constant up to P20 and more than doubled between P20 and P50; however, an additional 32% increase occurred between P50 and P140, such that at P140 cytoplasmic volume was 23% higher than that in controls
• at P50, the volumes of mitochondria and lipid droplets were 2-fold higher than in controls; however, only the increase in lipid droplets was statistically significant
|
|
|
• although Leydig cell number was normal at P12, it was reduced by >40% at later ages (P20, P50, and P140)
• notably, the temporal pattern of change in LC number was generally similar to that of controls
• at P50 and P140, LC number was significantly higher than in Artm1.1Verh males
• immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR for LC-specific markers revealed that steroidogenic function per LC was probably increased
|
small testis
(
J:88169
)
|
|
• testes were properly descended but small in size
• normal development of epididymis, vas deferens, coagulating gland, seminal gland, and prostate gland
• normal development of Leydig cells and peritubular myoid cells
|
|
|
• at P50, testis weight was reduced to 28.4% of wild-type weight
(J:88169)
• although normal at P12, testis weight was reduced to 53% of control value at P20 and to 25-30% of control value at P50 and P140
(J:100799)
|
growth/size/body
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N |
• growth curves of hemizygous mutant males were similar to those of wild-type males
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cellular
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• at P50, numbers of diplotene and secondary spermatocytes were reduced to 64% of wild-type numbers
|
|
|
• reduced germ cell numbers associated with increased apoptosis
|
azoospermia
(
J:88169
)
|
|
• absence of elongated spermatids
|
|
|
• no elongated spermatids were detected
|
|
|
• at P50, numbers of round spermatids were reduced to only 3% of wild-type numbers
• the few round spermatids that formed appeared abnormal and failed to survive beyond stages VII-VIII
|
|
|
• normal entry into meiosis, but progressive loss of pachytene primary spermatocytes between stages VI and XII
|
|
|
• at P50, reduced male germ cell numbers were associated with a 4-5-fold increase in germ cell apoptosis
|
