behavior/neurological
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• mice show comparable locomotion, climbing, rearing, gooming, drinking, and eating activities, anxiety-like behaviors in the open field, light and dark transition, and elevated plus maze tests, and no changes in working memory or exploratory behavior in Y maze, novel object recognition, and Morris water maze, or in social interaction and social novelty recognition memory in the three-chamber test compared to wild-type mice
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• context-dependent freezing elicited by the context 24 hours after training is reduced suggesting impaired long-term fear memory formation
• however, mice are able to acquire fear conditioning similarly to wild-type mice and show comparable context-dependent freezing elicited by the context 1 hour after training indicating normal short-term fear memory
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• context-dependent freezing elicited by the context 24 hours after training is reduced
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nervous system
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• density and area of GABAergic synaptic markers VGAT and GABA(A)Rgamma2 are reduced in all hippocampal CA1 layers and the number of GABA+ presynaptic boutons in the stratum radiatum layer of hippocampal CA1 regions is decreased, indicating a decrease in the number of GABAergic synapses
• however, density and size of VGLUT1 puncta are unchanged
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• the amplitude of somatic IPSCs evoked by stimulation of axons in the stratum pyramidale layer is reduced by approximately 51.3%
• the amplitude of dendritic IPSCs evoked by stimulation of axons in the startum lacunosum moleculare layer is reduced by approximately 65.6%
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• NMDAR-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) at Schaffer collateral-to-CA1 synapses induced by theta burst stimulation at 100 Hz is modestly, but significantly, reduced, with no alterations in fiber volley size, paired-pulse facilitation of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials, or NMDAR-dependent long-term depression
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• the frequency, but not the amplitude, of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) are decreased in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons
• however, no alterations in the frequency or amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) are seen in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons
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