mortality/aging
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• fourth to sixth generation (G4-G6) mutants have shorter median survival times than Terc homozygotes (24 weeks vs. 78 weeks)
• however, first and second generation (G1-G2) mutants have normal appearance, weight gain and lifespan
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• 12- to 16-week old fourth to sixth generation (G4-G6) mutants have clinical features of premature aging
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growth/size/body
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• fourth to sixth generation (G4-G6) mutants have lower body weights, with a 20% reduction at 4 weeks of age and a 30% reduction at 32 weeks of age
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cellular
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• MEFs from G5 mutants exhibit an increase in chromosomal structural aberrations
• bone marrow metaphases derived from prematurely aged G4-G6 mutants show marked genomic instability, manifesting as more chromosomal p-p, p-q, and q-q arm fusions, and nonreciprocal translocations
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• prematurely aged G4-G6 mutants exhibit accelerated loss of telomere length in primary bone marrow
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homeostasis/metabolism
skeleton
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• by 32 weeks of age, all G4-G6 mutants showing signs of premature aging have femoral bones with decreased cortical thickness and trabecular mass
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• G1-G3 mutants routinely succumb to osteosarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas at around 63 weeks of age
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• by 32 weeks of age, all G4-G6 mutants showing signs of premature aging have hunched spines
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• increase in bone marrow fat content in young and aged mice
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• 47.6% and 69.8% decrease in femur bone volume at 3 months of age and in aged mice, respectively
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• 19% and 60.1% increase in cortical porosity in young and aged mice, respectively
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• cortical bone area decreases with age, with a 29.7% decrease in aged mice
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• by 32 weeks of age, all G4-G6 mutants showing signs of premature aging have femoral bones with decreased cortical thickness
(J:91715)
• decrease in cortical thickness in both young and aged mice
(J:213181)
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• young femurs show a more rod-like trabecular structure
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• increase in trabecular separation
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• by 32 weeks of age, all G4-G6 mutants showing signs of premature aging have femoral bones with decreased trabecular mass
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• decrease in trabecular thickness that begins in young age and progresses with age
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• a proportion of G4-G6 mutants develop early-onset osteoporosis
(J:91715)
• accelerated bone aging with characteristic features of human senile osteoporosis
(J:213181)
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• osteoid significantly decreases with age
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• bone shows mechanical alterations including an increase in structure model index, a decrease in anisotropy and a decrease in the moment of inertia
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• mineralized surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate dramatically decline with age
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• by 32 weeks of age, all G4-G6 mutants showing signs of premature aging have bone fractures
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vision/eye
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• 12- to 16-week old f G4-G6 mutants develop cataracts
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reproductive system
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• 12- to 16-week old G4-G6 mutants show severe hypogonadism
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• 20-week old G4-G6 mutants have small testes
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neoplasm
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• although prematurely aged G4-G6 mutants are not prominently cancer-prone (as they die prematurely), G1-G3 mutants routinely succumb to osteosarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas at around 63 weeks of age
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• G1-G3 mutants routinely succumb to osteosarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas at around 63 weeks of age
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digestive/alimentary system
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• late-generation mutants have an increase in intestinal crypt cell apoptosis compared to Terc homozygotes
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• late-generation mutants have an increase in intestinal crypt cell apoptosis compared to Terc homozygotes
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• 20-week old G4-G6 mutants have small testes
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limbs/digits/tail
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• by 32 weeks of age, all G4-G6 mutants showing signs of premature aging have femoral bones with decreased cortical thickness and trabecular mass
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adipose tissue
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• G4-G6 mutants exhibit a 43% reduction in subcutaneous adipose tissue at 4 months of age
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• increase in bone marrow fat content in young and aged mice
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integument
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• G4-G6 mutants exhibit a 43% reduction in subcutaneous adipose tissue at 4 months of age
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• 12- to 16-week old G4-G6 mutants exhibit hair loss
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