Phenotypes associated with this allele
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| Find Mice |
Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Atf2tm1Glm mutation
(1 available);
any
Atf2 mutation
(89 available)
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growth/size/body
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• homozygotes display a slight reduction in body mass
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immune system
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• homozygotes show normal counts of circulating granulocytes and normal lymphocyte cell numbers in lymph nodes, spleen and thymus
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• three hours after T cell activation via i.v. injection with anti-CD3 antibody, mutant spleens display less induction of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6 mRNA compared with wild-type spleens
• notably, T lymphocytes from anti-CD3-treated mutant mice produce normal levels of IL-2 at 24 hours and of IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-6 at 48 hours
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• homozygotes display increased susceptibility to death from LPS plus D-galactosamine injection
• within 3 hours of challenge by LPS, homozygotes display decreased induction of the adhesion molecules E-selectin, P-selectin and VCAM1, as well as the cytokines tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1 beta (IL1B) and IL-6, and CXCL1 compared with wild-type
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• following exposure to Herpes simplex virus-1, homozygotes exhibit a higher incidence of mononuclear pulmonary infiltrates than wild-type control mice
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• homozygotes are more susceptible to Coxsackievirus B3 infection than wild-type control mice
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| Find Mice |
Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Atf2tm1Glm mutation
(1 available);
any
Atf2 mutation
(89 available)
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mortality/aging
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• only 51% of homozygous null mice survive past 1 month
• two waves of deaths occur: one within the initial 2 days of life and one near weaning
• the lifespan of surviving homozygotes is, however, normal
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behavior/neurological
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• homozygotes show a characteristic fine-amplitude whole-body tremor
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• homozygotes exhibit decreased hind limb coordination
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• homozygotes display abnormal twitches of the head
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• homozygotes exhibit vertical head tossing
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growth/size/body
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• surviving homozygotes reach approximately 71% of the weight of sex-matched wild-type littermates
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• surviving homozygotes are mildly to severely runted
• dwarfism is uniform, with the reduced spine length proportional to the shortened extremities
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hearing/vestibular/ear
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• significant reductions in numbers of vestibular sensory cells
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• significant reductions in numbers of vestibular hair cell stereocilia
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• the macula of utricle is atrophic, with significant reductions in numbers of sensory cells, stereocilia and otoconia
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• the macula of the saccule is atrophic, with significant reductions in numbers of sensory cells, stereocilia and otoconia
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• significant reductions in numbers of otoconia
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• homozygotes display decreased hearing
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immune system
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• 50% of homozygotes spontaneously develop periocular neutrophilic/lymphocytic infiltrates
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• in contrast to wild-type, homozygotes display poor induction of E-selectin three hours after intraperitoneal injection of LPS at doses up to 50 microg
• higher doses of LPS lead to equal induction of E-selectin mRNA in both genotypes
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limbs/digits/tail
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• the limb length decrease is rhizomelic, with more severe shortening in proximal bony segments than distal ones
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skeleton
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• in vivo labelling of cartilage cells with 3H-thymidine confirmed that growth-plate cartilage cell division is significantly reduced
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• homozygotes lack normal-appearing cartilaginous trabeculae extending from the physes and have distinctly thin epiphyseal growth plates
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• bones show disorganization in the sequence of endochondral ossification at epiphyseal growth plates
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• homozygotes exhibit abnormal clusters of cells instead of ordered columns of chondrocytes, seams of bone covering the metaphyseal side of the physes, and lack of ingrowth of chondroclasts and capillaries
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• the dysmorphology of epiphyseal plates coupled with the variable penetrance of the bone abnormality is reminiscent of human hypochondroplasia
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nervous system
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• significant reductions in numbers of vestibular sensory cells
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• significant reductions in numbers of vestibular hair cell stereocilia
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• brains of homozygous null mice display enlarged ventricles
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• homozygotes display a 50% decrease in Purkinje cells at the cerebellar molecular-granular cell layer boundary
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• numerous large Purkinje-like cells are distributed throughtout the otherwise normal-appearing granular cell layer of the cerebellum
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• vestibular ganglia have decreased neuron cell bodies
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vision/eye
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• 50% of homozygotes spontaneously develop periocular neutrophilic/lymphocytic infiltrates
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Allelic
Composition |
Atf2tm1Glm/Atf2+
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Genetic
Background |
involves: 129S2/SvPas |
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| Find Mice |
Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Atf2tm1Glm mutation
(1 available);
any
Atf2 mutation
(89 available)
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mortality/aging
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• heterozygous mice are phenotypically normal but display an increased postnatal mortality rate that is roughly half that of homozygotes, consistent with a gene dosage effect
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mortality/aging
respiratory system
Analysis Tools