Analysis Tools
growth/size/body
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• mice fed a regular chow exhibit increased mass and percentage of fat
• however, body weight of regular chow fed mice is normal
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• mice fed a high-fat diet exhibit a greater increase in total fat mass than controls fed the same diet
• adiposity in high-fat diet fed mice is due to increased subcutaneous adipose tissue
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adipose tissue
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• expanded fat mass in regular chow-fed mice is due to a 2-fold increase in subcutaneous, but not perigonadal or brown, adipose tissue
• adiposity in high-fat diet fed mice is due to increased subcutaneous adipose tissue
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• mice fed a regular chow exhibit increased mass and percentage of fat
• however, body weight of regular chow fed mice is normal
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• subcutaneous adipocyte diameters are larger, with this size difference limited to subcutaneous and not perigonadal adipose tissue
• subcutaneous adipocytes of high-fat fed mice exhibit larger size, with nearly 50% of cells having greater than 60 micron diameters compared to 25% of adipocytes in controls
• however, there is no evidence of hypercellularity in adipose tissues
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• perigonadal adipose tissue is reduced by 30% compared to controls in high-fat diet fed mice
• perigonadal adipose tissue of high-fat diet fed mice has increased interstitial cell infiltration and crown-like structures
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• mice exhibit decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into brown adipose tissue
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• mice exhibit increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into perigonadal adipose tissue
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• perigonadal adipose tissue of high-fat diet fed mice has increased interstitial cell infiltration and crown-like structures
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cellular
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• mice exhibit decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into brown adipose tissue
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• mice exhibit increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into perigonadal adipose tissue
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• mice exhibit increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis muscles
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• mice fed a high-fat diet exhibit a greater increase in total fat mass than controls fed the same diet
• adiposity in high-fat diet fed mice is due to increased subcutaneous adipose tissue
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• both regular chow and high-fat diet fed mice exhibit reduced fasting glucose levels
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• both regular chow and high-fat diet fed mice exhibit reduced fasting insulin levels
• both pre-clamp and clamped plasma insulin levels are lower
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• levels of leptin are higher in chow-fed, but not high-fat diet fed, mice
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• mice exhibit no differences in energy expenditure although respiratory exchange ratio is lower at some time points
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• rate of endogenous glucose production is reduced during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, indicating that gluconeogenesis is more sensitive to insulin-mediated suppression
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• insulin resistance is reduced in both regular diet and high-fat diet fed mice, indicating improved glucose metabolism
• high-fat diet fed mice require glucose infusion rates nearly double those of controls to maintain steady-state glucose levels, indicating enhanced insulin sensitivity
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• about 30% increase in serum levels of adiponectin in regular chow-fed or high-fat diet fed mice
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• 2.5-fold elevation of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFAs) levels in serum, including the 16:0H18:0 form (PAHSA)
• levels of many other lipids, including triglyceride-associated fatty acyl chains, total triglycerides, ceramides, and several glycerophospholipids are reduced in serum
• subcutaneous adipose tissue shows twice as high levels of insulin-sensitizing lipokines known as FAHFs and C16:1n7-palmitoleate and increased levels of other triglyceride-associated fatty acyl chains and total triglycerides, various membrane-associated and signaling glycerophospholipids, and sphingomyelin
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• fasting plasma free fatty acid levels are normal, but clamped levels are lower, indicating enhanced insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis
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• total triglyceride levels are reduced in serum
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• serum ceramide levels are reduced
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• liver triglyceride content is reduced by 48% in chow-fed and 44% in high-fat fed mice
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• mice exhibit a 2-fold increase in rates of de novo synthesis of triglyceride-bound palmitate and triglyceride-bound glycerol in the subcutaneous adipose tissue indicating increase in de novo lipogenesis
• however, mice exhibit normal fatty acid oxidation and acute lipolytic responses to beta adrenergic agonists
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immune system
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• perigonadal adipose tissue of high-fat diet fed mice has increased interstitial cell infiltration and crown-like structures
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integument
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• expanded fat mass in regular chow-fed mice is due to a 2-fold increase in subcutaneous, but not perigonadal or brown, adipose tissue
• adiposity in high-fat diet fed mice is due to increased subcutaneous adipose tissue
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liver/biliary system
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• liver triglyceride content is reduced by 48% in chow-fed and 44% in high-fat fed mice
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• liver weight is reduced by 13% in chow-fed and 20% in high-fat fed mice
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• mice fed a high-fat diet show a reduction in steatosis compared to wild-type mice fed the same diet
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muscle
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• mice exhibit increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis muscles
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