mortality/aging
• some mice die after 3 weeks
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nervous system
• ubiquitin-positive inclusions are found in the thalamus pon, medulla, dorsal root ganglion, midbrain, cerebral cortex, hippocampus (especially in CA3 and CA4), striatum and olfactory bulb
autophagosomes formation in the brain is impaired
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• axonal swelling
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• axonal swelling in the posterior thalamic nucleus
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• axonal swelling
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• axonal swelling
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• loss of pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex
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• apoptosis is detected in granular cells
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• axonal swelling in the cerebral cortex, nucleus gracilis, posterior thalamic nucleus, hippocampus, inferior colliculus, tricaudal pons and reticular nucleus
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• however, few degenerating Purkinje cells exhibit inclusions
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• ubiquitin-positive inclusions are found in the thalamus pon, medulla, dorsal root ganglion, midbrain, cerebral cortex, hippocampus (especially in CA3 and CA4), striatum and olfactory bulb
• inclusions are time-dependent and are more limited in newborns than in adults
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behavior/neurological
• progressive motor and behavioral deficits after three weeks of age
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• progressive motor deficits after three weeks of age including ataxia and a decrease in mean stride length
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• when suspended by their tails
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• coordination, balance and grip strength are impaired in a rotarod and wire hang task
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• grip strength is impaired in a rotarod and wire hang task
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cellular
• autophagosomes formation in the brain is impaired
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growth/size/body
• body weight is about 1.5-times lower than that of wild-type
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