mortality/aging
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• more than 75% of double knockouts die within 2 days of birth
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nervous system
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• double knockouts exhibit disruption of most or all major axon tracts in the brain; brains of double knockouts display severely disorganized white-matter tracts
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• cerebellum of mutants has defective foliation; folia are severely hypoplastic, particularly on the ventral surface of the cerebellum
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• there are no fibers crossing the midline of the corpus callosum; most axons end before reaching the midline and do not cross to the other side
• axons appear as multiple single axons with random orientation and without clear fasciculation rather than bundles
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• in mutants, corpus callosum is present at rostral levels but does not extend as far caudally as in wild-type mice; anterior portion is greatly reduced in thickness
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• hippocampal commissures appear lumpy and disorganized
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• aberrant anterior commissure bundles are observed
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• in some animals, internal capsule has abnormal morphology
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• there is absence of an internal capsule in the striatum
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• disruption of many brainstem nuclei is observed
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• there is absence of pencil fibers in the striatum
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• disruption of many thalamic nuclei is observed
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• stratum pyramidale layer in pyramidal cell fields, CA3,CA2and CA1 is disorganized with multiple cell layers separated by irregular streams of white matter
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• at P0, there is disruption of lamination of the cerebral cortex in the cingulate gyrus in double knockouts
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• brains of double knockouts at P0 display a thin cerebral cortex
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• no axons leave the region of the entorhinal cortex
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• subcortical white matter appears lumpy and disorganized
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• cells appear less tightly packed
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• there is markedly abnormal cell layering in the hippocampus
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• the cerebellum is small in double knockouts
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