Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• mature cauda epididymal spermatozoa show bent or coiled flagella and accumulate membraneless electron-dense granules in the sperm tail, with a notable increase in total RNA levels and protein levels of IPO5 (importin 5) and KPNB1 (karyopherin subunit beta 1)
• however, the amount and localization of known ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granule-related proteins (such as MIWI and TSKS) are not altered, suggesting that accumulated granules are distinct from known RNP granules
• sperm head morphology is similar to that in heterozygous controls, with no overt defects in the acrosome or nucleus
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• TEM analysis indicates a disruption of the outer dense fibers (ODFs) in both the midpiece and the principal piece of the sperm tail
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• TEM analysis indicates a disruption of the axoneme in both the midpiece and the principal piece of the sperm tail with membraneless electron-dense granules found in the axoneme
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• TEM analysis indicates a disruption of the axoneme and outer dense fibers (ODFs) in the midpiece
• numerous membraneless electron-dense granules are frequently observed in the midpiece
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• TEM analysis shows a significant increase in the % of abnormal mitochondria in cauda epididymal spermatozoa
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• SEM analysis shows that, although spherical mitochondria are properly aligned in spermatids during the initial step of mitochondrial sheath formation, crescent-shaped mitochondria show abnormal interlocking in the next step, and elongating mitochondria remain irregularly arranged
• TEM analysis confirms that mitochondria are irregularly arranged in cauda epididymal spermatozoa
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• TEM analysis indicates a disruption of the axoneme and outer dense fibers (ODFs) in the principal piece
• membraneless electron-dense granules are observed at a lower frequency in the principal piece than in the midpiece
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• nearly 10% of cauda epididymal sperm exhibit coiled tails
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• nearly 90% of cauda epididymal sperm exhibit bent tails
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necrospermia
(
J:366671
)
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• propidium iodide (PI) staining of cauda epididymal spermatozoa shows significantly increased %s of dead (PI-positive) spermatozoa at 10 and 120 min after incubation in TYH medium
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• step 16 spermatids are still present in stage IX seminiferous tubules, indicating impaired spermiation
• however, gross testis morphology, test weight/body weight ratio and cross sections of the cauda epididymis are normal
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• %s of motile spermatozoa are significantly decreased at 10 and 120 min after incubation in capacitation medium; all tested velocity parameters, including average path velocity, straight line velocity, and curvilinear velocity, are reduced
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• adult male mice fail to produce offspring over a 3-month mating period with wild-type females; however, vaginal plugs are observed in the paired females
• intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) can rescue male sterility
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• IVF assays show that spermatozoa are unable to fertilize cumulus-intact, cumulus-free or zona pellucida-free oocytes in vitro
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cellular
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• mature cauda epididymal spermatozoa show bent or coiled flagella and accumulate membraneless electron-dense granules in the sperm tail, with a notable increase in total RNA levels and protein levels of IPO5 (importin 5) and KPNB1 (karyopherin subunit beta 1)
• however, the amount and localization of known ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granule-related proteins (such as MIWI and TSKS) are not altered, suggesting that accumulated granules are distinct from known RNP granules
• sperm head morphology is similar to that in heterozygous controls, with no overt defects in the acrosome or nucleus
|
|
|
• TEM analysis indicates a disruption of the outer dense fibers (ODFs) in both the midpiece and the principal piece of the sperm tail
|
|
|
• TEM analysis indicates a disruption of the axoneme in both the midpiece and the principal piece of the sperm tail with membraneless electron-dense granules found in the axoneme
|
|
|
• TEM analysis indicates a disruption of the axoneme and outer dense fibers (ODFs) in the midpiece
• numerous membraneless electron-dense granules are frequently observed in the midpiece
|
|
|
• TEM analysis shows a significant increase in the % of abnormal mitochondria in cauda epididymal spermatozoa
|
|
|
• SEM analysis shows that, although spherical mitochondria are properly aligned in spermatids during the initial step of mitochondrial sheath formation, crescent-shaped mitochondria show abnormal interlocking in the next step, and elongating mitochondria remain irregularly arranged
• TEM analysis confirms that mitochondria are irregularly arranged in cauda epididymal spermatozoa
|
|
|
• TEM analysis indicates a disruption of the axoneme and outer dense fibers (ODFs) in the principal piece
• membraneless electron-dense granules are observed at a lower frequency in the principal piece than in the midpiece
|
|
|
• nearly 10% of cauda epididymal sperm exhibit coiled tails
|
|
|
• nearly 90% of cauda epididymal sperm exhibit bent tails
|
necrospermia
(
J:366671
)
|
|
• propidium iodide (PI) staining of cauda epididymal spermatozoa shows significantly increased %s of dead (PI-positive) spermatozoa at 10 and 120 min after incubation in TYH medium
|
|
|
• step 16 spermatids are still present in stage IX seminiferous tubules, indicating impaired spermiation
• however, gross testis morphology, test weight/body weight ratio and cross sections of the cauda epididymis are normal
|
|
|
• %s of motile spermatozoa are significantly decreased at 10 and 120 min after incubation in capacitation medium; all tested velocity parameters, including average path velocity, straight line velocity, and curvilinear velocity, are reduced
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