Analysis Tools
cellular
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• mature spermatozoa from the cauda epididymis exhibit hairpin-like ending of the flagella
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• the majority of spermatozoa are immotile and the small fraction of spermatozoa that display motility exhibit average path velocity (VAP), straight-line velocity (VSL), and curvilinear velocity (VCL) values of about 30% of that in wild-type
• spermatozoa incubated in capacitation medium supplemented with dibutyryl-cAMP (dbcAMP), a cell-permeable cAMP analog, and IBMX, a phosophodiesterase inhibitor exhibit limited motility recovery at 10 min incubation and a substantial recovery at 120 min incubation and improved velocity parameters (VAP, VSL, and VCL) at both times
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reproductive system
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• mature spermatozoa from the cauda epididymis exhibit hairpin-like ending of the flagella
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• no offspring are produced from matings with wild-type females, although vaginal plugs are observed
• infertility is primarily caused by deficiency of cAMP production
• however, no abnormalities in testis weight or morphology, or of the cauda epididymis
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• in vitro fertilization (IVF) shows that spermatozoa fail to fertilize cumulus-intact oocytes, cumulus-removed oocytes, and both cumulus- and zona pellucida-removed oocytes
• IVF after preincubation of spermatozoa with dbcAMP and IBMX does not rescue fertilizing ability when common capacitation medium is used
• IVF with sperm preincubation medium comprising methyl-Beta-cyclodextrin and insemination medium containing reduced glutathione does not rescue fertilizing ability of spermatozoa
• IVF with sperm preincubation medium comprising methyl-Beta-cyclodextrin and insemination medium containing reduced glutathione with the addition of dbcAMP and IBMX does rescue the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa
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• spermatozoa show straight flagella in a hypertonic medium that mimics the cauda epididymal environment while under hypotonic condition, spermatozoa of both mutant and wild-type mice exhibit flagellum bending, suggesting defects in osmoregulation which may lead to hairpin-like bending
• cAMP amounts are reduced in mature spermatozoa at 10 min and 120 min of incubation in capacitation medium
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• the majority of spermatozoa are immotile and the small fraction of spermatozoa that display motility exhibit average path velocity (VAP), straight-line velocity (VSL), and curvilinear velocity (VCL) values of about 30% of that in wild-type
• spermatozoa incubated in capacitation medium supplemented with dibutyryl-cAMP (dbcAMP), a cell-permeable cAMP analog, and IBMX, a phosophodiesterase inhibitor exhibit limited motility recovery at 10 min incubation and a substantial recovery at 120 min incubation and improved velocity parameters (VAP, VSL, and VCL) at both times
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