Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• sperm exhibit abnormal head morphology, with sperm heads lacking the hook shape
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• males are sterile despite successful copulation as evidenced by the presence of vaginal plugs
• however, testes appear normal and no overt abnormalities of the seminiferous tubules or epididymis are seen
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• in IVF with cumulus-intact oocytes, no oocytes are fertilized with mutant spermatozoa
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• ZP-free oocytes show lower number of mutant sperm fusing with the wild-type oocyte
• oolemma fusion and fertilization are improved with 10 times higher mutant sperm concentration but are still decreased compared to the lower concentrations of sperm from controls
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• IVF with cumulus-intact oocytes with 10 times more mutant sperm insemination results in reduced fertilization rate of 45.7%; this indicates that sperm have defects in zona pellucida binding and oolemma fusion but are able to produce viable offspring
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• sperm exhibit impaired zona pellucida binding; in IVF with cumulus-removed oocytes, a reduced number of spermatozoa binds the zona pellucida (ZP)
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cellular
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• sperm exhibit abnormal head morphology, with sperm heads lacking the hook shape
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