reproductive system
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• sperm tails show curved and irregular morphology
• sperm flagella show partially absent inner dynein arms but have the typical 9+2 axonemal structure and peri-axonemal structures
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• sperm motility, progressive motility, and swimming velocity are lower than in wild-type sperm
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• males are completely infertile
• however, no differences in testicular size or testis/body weight ratio are seen and presence of spermatogenic cells are seen at different stages in the testes
• intracytoplasmic sperm injection of mutant spermatozoa into wild-type oocytes shows similar rates of two-cell embryos and blastocysts
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cellular
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• gross ciliary morphology of trachea and brain appear normal
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• sperm tails show curved and irregular morphology
• sperm flagella show partially absent inner dynein arms but have the typical 9+2 axonemal structure and peri-axonemal structures
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• sperm motility, progressive motility, and swimming velocity are lower than in wild-type sperm
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Analysis Tools