cardiovascular system
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• the branchial arch artery patterning abnormalities result in various types of great vessel malformations
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• at E12.5 in approximately 50% of embryos both right and left ductus caroticus remain
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• at E12.0 - 12.5 and E13.0 - 13.5 the right dorsal aorta remains (6 out of 13 and 6 out of 7)
• at E13.0 the connection of the right dorsal aorta to the abdominal dorsal aorta persists
• in 2 of these embryos right sided dorsal aorta is observed where left arch arteries 4 and 6 and right arch artery 4 regress, while right arch artery 6 and the right dorsal aorta persist and form the major outflow tract from the heart
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• in E11.5 embryos 75% (6/8) show enlargement of right arch artery 3 and relative narrowing of arch arteries 4 and 6
• this occurred more frequently on the right side (6 out of 8 than on the left 3 out of 8)
• at E12.0 - 12.5 and E13.0 - 13.5 right arch artery 4 shows signs of regression including decreased diameter and expression of a transgenic lacZ marker of arterial smooth muscle (11 out of 13 and 5 out of 7, respectively)
• at E12.0 - 12.5 and E13.0 - 13.5 regression of left arch artery 4 is also seen but not as frequently (7 out of 13 and 4 out of 7, respectively)
• between E11.5 and E13.5 the fourth arch arteries are diminished
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• in E11.5 embryos 75% (6/8) show enlargement of right arch artery 3 and relative narrowing of arch arteries 4 and 6
• this occurred more frequently on the right side (6 out of 8 than on the left 3 out of 8)
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• at E12.0 - 12.5 in 6 out of 13 embryos right arch artery 6 abnormally persists
• at E13.0 in embryos where the right arch artery 4 regressed the right arch artery 6 persisted
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• in E11.5 embryos 75% (6/8) show enlargement of right arch artery 3 and relative narrowing of arch arteries 4 and 6
• this occurred more frequently on the right side (6 out of 8 than on the left 3 out of 8)
• at E12.0 - 12.5 right arch artery 3 is markedly enlarged in 6 out of 13 embryos
• at E12.5 arch arteries 3 become the dominant vessels bilaterally, accepting blood from the outflow tract
• at E12.5 the overall growth of arch arteries 3 toward the cranial direction is delayed and the external carotid fails to branch off of arch arteries 3
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• the right subclavian artery is missing or has a cervical origin in term embryos as a result of abnormal regression of right arch artery 4
• in term embryos with abnormal regression of right arch artery 4 and normal regression of the right ductus caroticus, the right dorsal aorta persists and the right subclavian artery is missing or originates from the dorsal aorta
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• double aortic arch is found in term embryos when both the right and left arch arteries 4 abnormally regress or when left arch artery 6 abnormally regresses
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• at E13.0 some embryos have extra branches from the ascending aorta
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• other outflow tract abnormalities such as overriding aorta, double outlet right ventricle, and persistent truncus arteriosus are observed
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craniofacial
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• in E11.5 embryos 75% (6/8) show enlargement of right arch artery 3 and relative narrowing of arch arteries 4 and 6
• this occurred more frequently on the right side (6 out of 8 than on the left 3 out of 8)
• at E12.0 - 12.5 and E13.0 - 13.5 right arch artery 4 shows signs of regression including decreased diameter and expression of a transgenic lacZ marker of arterial smooth muscle (11 out of 13 and 5 out of 7, respectively)
• at E12.0 - 12.5 and E13.0 - 13.5 regression of left arch artery 4 is also seen but not as frequently (7 out of 13 and 4 out of 7, respectively)
• between E11.5 and E13.5 the fourth arch arteries are diminished
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• in E11.5 embryos 75% (6/8) show enlargement of right arch artery 3 and relative narrowing of arch arteries 4 and 6
• this occurred more frequently on the right side (6 out of 8 than on the left 3 out of 8)
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• at E12.0 - 12.5 in 6 out of 13 embryos right arch artery 6 abnormally persists
• at E13.0 in embryos where the right arch artery 4 regressed the right arch artery 6 persisted
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• in E11.5 embryos 75% (6/8) show enlargement of right arch artery 3 and relative narrowing of arch arteries 4 and 6
• this occurred more frequently on the right side (6 out of 8 than on the left 3 out of 8)
• at E12.0 - 12.5 right arch artery 3 is markedly enlarged in 6 out of 13 embryos
• at E12.5 arch arteries 3 become the dominant vessels bilaterally, accepting blood from the outflow tract
• at E12.5 the overall growth of arch arteries 3 toward the cranial direction is delayed and the external carotid fails to branch off of arch arteries 3
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embryo
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• in E11.5 embryos 75% (6/8) show enlargement of right arch artery 3 and relative narrowing of arch arteries 4 and 6
• this occurred more frequently on the right side (6 out of 8 than on the left 3 out of 8)
• at E12.0 - 12.5 and E13.0 - 13.5 right arch artery 4 shows signs of regression including decreased diameter and expression of a transgenic lacZ marker of arterial smooth muscle (11 out of 13 and 5 out of 7, respectively)
• at E12.0 - 12.5 and E13.0 - 13.5 regression of left arch artery 4 is also seen but not as frequently (7 out of 13 and 4 out of 7, respectively)
• between E11.5 and E13.5 the fourth arch arteries are diminished
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• in E11.5 embryos 75% (6/8) show enlargement of right arch artery 3 and relative narrowing of arch arteries 4 and 6
• this occurred more frequently on the right side (6 out of 8 than on the left 3 out of 8)
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• at E12.0 - 12.5 in 6 out of 13 embryos right arch artery 6 abnormally persists
• at E13.0 in embryos where the right arch artery 4 regressed the right arch artery 6 persisted
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• in E11.5 embryos 75% (6/8) show enlargement of right arch artery 3 and relative narrowing of arch arteries 4 and 6
• this occurred more frequently on the right side (6 out of 8 than on the left 3 out of 8)
• at E12.0 - 12.5 right arch artery 3 is markedly enlarged in 6 out of 13 embryos
• at E12.5 arch arteries 3 become the dominant vessels bilaterally, accepting blood from the outflow tract
• at E12.5 the overall growth of arch arteries 3 toward the cranial direction is delayed and the external carotid fails to branch off of arch arteries 3
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