vision/eye
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• TEM analysis of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) indicates shorter ribbon synapses in the retina at 3 months of age
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• mice show an early but relatively stationary defect in rod and cone photoreceptor function, as revealed by electroretinograms (ERG) and defects in ribbon synapses
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• retinal ERG amplitudes show a significant reduction as early as P15 that persists even at 12 months of age
• however, no overt photoreceptor degeneration is detected; retina histology shows no significant changes in photoreceptor morphology and/or lamination at 3 months of age
• moreover, no alterations are observed in retinal rods and cones, Muller glia, microglia, bipolar, amacrine and horizontal cells based on immunohistochemistry using cell-type specific markers
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• dark-adapted ERG responses show a significant decrease in a-wave amplitude from P15 and remain stable at both 3 months and 12 months of age
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• light- and dark-adapted ERG responses show a significant decrease in b-wave amplitude from P15 and remain stable at both 3 months and 12 months of age
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nervous system
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• at 3 months of age, retinas show altered synapse morphology in the outer plexiform layer (OPL)
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• immunoblot analysis shows a significant downregulation of PSD-95 expression in the retina, but no significant change in SYP (synaptophysin) or beta-tubulin
• quantification of immunofluorescence data confirmed that levels of post-synaptic proteins (PSD-95, HCN4, and vGlut1) are significantly reduced in the retinal OPL at 3 months of age
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• quantification of immunofluorescence data shows a significant decrease in ribeye/CTBP2 (C-terminal binding protein 2) protein expression in the retinal outer plexiform layer (OPL) at 3 months of age
• TEM analysis of the OPL confirmed the presence of shorter ribbon synapses in the retina
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• retinal phenotypes are associated with reduced expression of select calcium-regulated phototransduction and synapse-associated proteins, including GCAP1 and 2, PDE6b, AIPL1, PSD95, and CTBP1, indicating dysregulation of calcium homeostasis
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