Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• cauda epididymal spermatozoa exhibit abnormal head folding
• TEM analysis of cauda epididymal spermatozoa shows retained residual cytoplasm around the sperm head; moreover, the sperm plasma membrane does not fold inward at the head folding site
• vast majority of spermatozoa (90% or higher) with completely bent heads are found in the corpus and cauda epididymides while folded heads are rarely observed in testicular spermatozoa
• % of spermatozoa with abnormal head folding is gradually increased as they transition from the caput to the corpus and finally to the cauda epididymidis
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• immunofluorescence staining shows strong accumulation of SYPL1 -- a cytoplasmic droplet (CD) marker -- at the bent sperm heads, unlike in control spermatozoa where SYPL1 localizes to the junction of the midpiece and principal piece, suggesting that CDs are not formed properly and excess residual cytoplasm remains in the sperm head
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• round spermatid-like cells, presumably degenerated early spermatids, are detected in the cauda epididymides
• TEM analysis shows residual cytoplasm abnormally retained around the nuclei of step 15-16 spermatids
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• spermatids are abnormally retained in the seminiferous epithelium of stage VIII seminiferous tubules
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• % of progressively motile spermatozoa is significantly lower than in controls at 10- and 120 min after incubation in capacitation medium
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• % of motile spermatozoa is significantly lower than in controls at 10- and 120 min after incubation in capacitation medium
• moreover, VAP (average path velocity), VSL (straight-line velocity), and VCL (curvilinear velocity) are all significantly reduced at 10- and 120 min after incubation
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• testes show a drastic decrease in the protein levels of TEX38 (testis expressed 38), suggesting an interdependent relationship between ZDHHC19 and TEX38
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• histology of cauda epididymides indicates round spermatid-like cells, presumably degenerated early spermatids
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• adult males fail to sire any pups
• however, testis-to-body weight ratio is similar to that in wild-type controls
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cellular
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• cauda epididymal spermatozoa exhibit abnormal head folding
• TEM analysis of cauda epididymal spermatozoa shows retained residual cytoplasm around the sperm head; moreover, the sperm plasma membrane does not fold inward at the head folding site
• vast majority of spermatozoa (90% or higher) with completely bent heads are found in the corpus and cauda epididymides while folded heads are rarely observed in testicular spermatozoa
• % of spermatozoa with abnormal head folding is gradually increased as they transition from the caput to the corpus and finally to the cauda epididymidis
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|
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• immunofluorescence staining shows strong accumulation of SYPL1 -- a cytoplasmic droplet (CD) marker -- at the bent sperm heads, unlike in control spermatozoa where SYPL1 localizes to the junction of the midpiece and principal piece, suggesting that CDs are not formed properly and excess residual cytoplasm remains in the sperm head
|
|
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• round spermatid-like cells, presumably degenerated early spermatids, are detected in the cauda epididymides
• TEM analysis shows residual cytoplasm abnormally retained around the nuclei of step 15-16 spermatids
|
|
|
• spermatids are abnormally retained in the seminiferous epithelium of stage VIII seminiferous tubules
|
|
|
• % of progressively motile spermatozoa is significantly lower than in controls at 10- and 120 min after incubation in capacitation medium
|
|
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• % of motile spermatozoa is significantly lower than in controls at 10- and 120 min after incubation in capacitation medium
• moreover, VAP (average path velocity), VSL (straight-line velocity), and VCL (curvilinear velocity) are all significantly reduced at 10- and 120 min after incubation
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• testes show a drastic decrease in the protein levels of TEX38 (testis expressed 38), suggesting an interdependent relationship between ZDHHC19 and TEX38
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