Analysis Tools
growth/size/body
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• female and male mice lose 6.4% and 9.3% lean mass, respectively, at 5 weeks of age
• female and male mice lose 5.8% and 9.8% lean mass, respectively, at 12 weeks of age
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• gain extra weight starting at 6 weeks of age
• at 11 weeks of age females and males are 33.6% and 16.9% heavier, respectively
• treatment with melanotan-2 reduces body weights down to that of saline treated wild-type controls
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• livers are 14.4% and 32.2% heavier in 6 month old female and male mice, respectively
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liver/biliary system
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• livers are 14.4% and 32.2% heavier in 6 month old female and male mice, respectively
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• seen in adults but not at 4 weeks of age
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adipose tissue
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• increased fat content at 5 weeks of age, prior to difference in total body weight
• fat/lean ratios in female and male mice at 5 weeks of age are 1.3 and 1.2 times higher, respectively, compared to controls
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• increased 3.1 and 2.1 fold in females and males, respectively, at 6 months of age
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• increased 4.0 and 2.3 fold in females and males, respectively, at 6 months of age
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• interscapular brown fat pad weights are increased 2.2 and 1.5 fold in females and males, respectively, at 6 months of age
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• when deprived of food at 4C for 2 hours males and females show a greater drop in body temperature compared to similarly treated controls
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• fasting plasma leptin levels are increased 9.9 and 23.8 fold in female and male mice compared to littermate controls, respectively
• fasting leptin levels are similar to controls at P14 but increased 1.3 and 1.6 fold in females and males, respectively, 2 weeks later
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• rectal temperatures are reduced by 1.4C and 1.1C in 11 week old female and male mice, respectively
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• lower 24-hour total energy expenditure
• however, no change in respiratory quotient is detected
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• in free fed adult mice, but not in mice at 9 weeks of age
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• fasting plasma insulin levels are increased 1.5 and 2 fold in female and male mice compared to littermate controls, respectively
• insulin levels are similar to controls at 4 weeks of age
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• at 12 weeks of age
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• at 15 weeks of age in an insulin tolerance test males and females display higher blood glucose levels and less efficient glucose clearance
• in hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp analysis mice at 15 weeks of age show a 66% reduction in the glucose infusion rate
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behavior/neurological
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• food intake is similar to controls at P21 and P33
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• in the home cage at 3 weeks of age, females and males travel 47.6% and 29.7% less, respectively
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• in the home cage mice sleep 96% longer at 3 weeks of age
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nervous system
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• POMC-expressing neurons have more hyperpolarized membrane potentials and reduced spontaneous firing rates
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