Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• TUNEL staining of adult testes shows a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells per seminiferous tubule relative to heterozygous testes
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• Sertoli cells show non-junctional F-actin due to the loss of F-actin accumulation at the apical ectoplasmic specialization after stage IX
• diffusion of espin (an actin-bundling protein) is observed in Sertoli cells
• TIMP1 and F-actin (phalloidin) co-staining shows TIMP1 protein upregulation in Sertoli cells
• however, the blood-testis-barrier (BTB) is preserved
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• formation of the apical ectoplasmic specialization (ES) is reduced along with the loss of spermatids
• dispersed spreading of F-actin throughout the Sertoli cell cytoplasm is noted at stage IX and later, where developing spermatids are lost
• no accumulation of actin bundles is detected around the remaining elongating spermatids
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small testis
(
J:360881
)
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• adult testis size is visibly smaller than that in heterozygous and wild-type males
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• average weight of adult testes is 47.3% smaller than that in heterozygous males
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• testes show substantial dysregulation of proteases and protease inhibitors as well as activation of inflammatory pathway genes
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• testicular samples exhibit an increased % of TNFalpha-positive seminiferous tubules at stages IX to XII and I, indicating an orchitis-like inflammatory response
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• males show a complete loss of spermatids after seminiferous epithelium stage IX; development of spermatids is impaired at around step 9 and later
• stage VIII-XII seminiferous tubules contain abnormal round spermatids clustered in the lumen, suggestive of dying cells; however, the number of TSGA8+ round spermatids per tubule at stages VII-VIII and acrosome formation in round spermatids up to step 8 are unaffected
• disturbance of protease homeostasis and inflammatory response occur in round spermatids from the first wave of spermatogenesis
• TIMP1 protein is significantly upregulated in seminiferous tubules of stages VII to XII and I
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azoospermia
(
J:360881
)
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• males show epididymal azoospermia
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• TEM analysis shows that many spermatids at steps 8-9 and later contain a large vacuole in the nuclei and appear highly deformed
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• seminiferous tubule lumens lack elongating spermatids of approximately step 9 and later
• a very small number of elongating spermatids showing dense and malformed nuclei with branched appearances is detected by TEM
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• spermiogenesis is disrupted during the round-to-elongating transition of spermatids at step 9
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• caput epididymis contains abnormal cellular bodies and lacks spermatozoa having thin heads
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• cauda epididymis contains abnormal cellular bodies and lacks spermatozoa having thin heads
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• adult male mice bred with wild-type females for 1 week fail to produce offspring
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• Sertoli cells show non-junctional F-actin due to the loss of F-actin accumulation at the apical ectoplasmic specialization after stage IX
• diffusion of espin (an actin-bundling protein) is observed in Sertoli cells
• TIMP1 and F-actin (phalloidin) co-staining shows TIMP1 protein upregulation in Sertoli cells
• however, the blood-testis-barrier (BTB) is preserved
|
|
|
• formation of the apical ectoplasmic specialization (ES) is reduced along with the loss of spermatids
• dispersed spreading of F-actin throughout the Sertoli cell cytoplasm is noted at stage IX and later, where developing spermatids are lost
• no accumulation of actin bundles is detected around the remaining elongating spermatids
|
small testis
(
J:360881
)
|
|
• adult testis size is visibly smaller than that in heterozygous and wild-type males
|
|
|
• average weight of adult testes is 47.3% smaller than that in heterozygous males
|
|
|
• testes show substantial dysregulation of proteases and protease inhibitors as well as activation of inflammatory pathway genes
|
|
|
• testicular samples exhibit an increased % of TNFalpha-positive seminiferous tubules at stages IX to XII and I, indicating an orchitis-like inflammatory response
|
cellular
azoospermia
(
J:360881
)
|
|
• males show epididymal azoospermia
|
|
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• TEM analysis shows that many spermatids at steps 8-9 and later contain a large vacuole in the nuclei and appear highly deformed
|
|
|
• seminiferous tubule lumens lack elongating spermatids of approximately step 9 and later
• a very small number of elongating spermatids showing dense and malformed nuclei with branched appearances is detected by TEM
|
|
|
• TUNEL staining of adult testes shows a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells per seminiferous tubule relative to heterozygous testes
|
immune system
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• testicular samples exhibit an increased % of TNFalpha-positive seminiferous tubules at stages IX to XII and I, indicating an orchitis-like inflammatory response
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growth/size/body
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N |
• adult male mice are grossly normal and show normal body weight relative to heterozygous and wild-type males
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