Analysis Tools
reproductive system
 |
• 55.21% of spermatozoa are deformed compared to 11.28% of heterozygous spermatozoa
• the quantity of abnormal sperm is higher in all regions (caput, corpus, and cauda regions of the epididymis), indicating that abnormal morphology appears before entering the epididymis
|
|
|
• disarrangement and hyperplasia of the outer dense fibers in the flagellum mid-piece, with no obvious abnormalities in the principal piece or end piece
|
|
|
• the flagellum mid-piece shows that mitochondria are not tightly packed and the outer dense fibers appear as scattered structures with a radial distribution
|
|
|
• sperm exhibit hypertrophy and swelling of the mitochondria and mitochondrial sheath hypertrophy
• mitochondria of spermatozoa have a disordered arrangement and fail to form a tight sheath around the axoneme
• spermatozoa mitochondria are variable in size and have anomalous morphologies
|
|
|
• sperm show bent heads (bent from the neck and the heads are attached to the flagellum)
• 44.59% of spermatozoa have bent heads compared to 3.75% of heterozygous spermatozoa
|
|
|
• apoptotic cells in the testis are concentrated in the elongated spermatozoa
|
|
|
• testicular sections show increased number of apoptotic cells in seminiferous tubules
|
|
|
• no pups are born from matings with homozygous males and wild-type females
• however, no differences are seen in testis size, body weight, testis weight, or the ratio of testes weight to body weight, in the morphology or development of the seminiferous tubules, in spermatozoa number in the epididymides, testes shows all expected seminiferous epithelium components and developmental stages indicating normal prophase in spermiogenesis, and acrosome biogenesis is norma
|
|
|
• males housed with superovulating wild-type females produce copulatory plugs, but no two-cell embryos are detected in the females, indicating that sperm cannot complete fertilization in vivo
• however, spermatozoa are able to complete fertilization in vitro with cumulus-intact oocytes although fertilization rate is decreased, indicating that sperm are able to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuse with oocytes
|
|
• sperm exhibit abnormal energy metabolism, with lower mitochondrial membrane potential, increased ROS levels, and decreased ATP content
|
|
|
• proportion of progressive spermatozoa is only 0.07% compared to 7.97% in heterozygotes
|
|
|
• sperm exhibit decreased motility with 6.93% of sperm motile compared to 71.97% in heterozygotes
• sperm show decreases in the average path velocity (VAP), progressive velocity (VSL), and track speed (VCL)
|
endocrine/exocrine glands
|
|
• testicular sections show increased number of apoptotic cells in seminiferous tubules
|
cellular
|
|
• 55.21% of spermatozoa are deformed compared to 11.28% of heterozygous spermatozoa
• the quantity of abnormal sperm is higher in all regions (caput, corpus, and cauda regions of the epididymis), indicating that abnormal morphology appears before entering the epididymis
|
|
|
• disarrangement and hyperplasia of the outer dense fibers in the flagellum mid-piece, with no obvious abnormalities in the principal piece or end piece
|
|
|
• the flagellum mid-piece shows that mitochondria are not tightly packed and the outer dense fibers appear as scattered structures with a radial distribution
|
|
|
• sperm exhibit hypertrophy and swelling of the mitochondria and mitochondrial sheath hypertrophy
• mitochondria of spermatozoa have a disordered arrangement and fail to form a tight sheath around the axoneme
• spermatozoa mitochondria are variable in size and have anomalous morphologies
|
|
|
• sperm show bent heads (bent from the neck and the heads are attached to the flagellum)
• 44.59% of spermatozoa have bent heads compared to 3.75% of heterozygous spermatozoa
|
|
|
• apoptotic cells in the testis are concentrated in the elongated spermatozoa
|
|
|
• testicular sections show increased number of apoptotic cells in seminiferous tubules
|
|
|
• proportion of progressive spermatozoa is only 0.07% compared to 7.97% in heterozygotes
|
|
|
• sperm exhibit decreased motility with 6.93% of sperm motile compared to 71.97% in heterozygotes
• sperm show decreases in the average path velocity (VAP), progressive velocity (VSL), and track speed (VCL)
|
|
• ATP concentration in spermatozoa is reduced, suggesting that aerobic respiration is severely impaired
|
|
• sperm show lower mitochondrial membrane potential
• ATP concentration in spermatozoa is reduced, suggesting that aerobic respiration is severely impaired
|
|
• reactive oxygen species levels are increased in spermatozoa
|
