Analysis Tools
growth/size/body
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• at 2 months of age, mice are significantly smaller than wild-type or heterozygous controls
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• at 2 months of age, body weight is significantly lower than in wild-type or heterozygous controls
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reproductive system
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• at 2 months of age, cauda epididymal sperm count is severely reduced relative to that in wild-type or heterozygous controls
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• at 2 months of age, epididymal spermatozoa show multiple flagellum defects including absent, coiled, bent, and/or irregular-caliber flagella
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• sperm flagella show disorganized/absent outer dense fibers
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• sperm flagella show disorganized/absent axonemal components, such as central pairs, outer doublet microtubules and radial spokes
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• the central pair complex (CPC) is often absent in the mid-piece and principal piece, but is mostly formed in the end-piece
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• in some cases, a broken sperm neck region is observed
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• 12.7 +/- 2.5% of sperm show irregular flagella caliber
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• assembly of the mitochondrial sheath is disrupted; sperm flagella show abnormally arranged mitochondria with vacuolated or tenuous contents in the mid-piece
• testis TEM showed redundant recruitment of mitochondria that cannot be properly assembled
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• 20.9 +/- 3.8% of sperm show absent flagella
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• 25.8 +/- 5.5% of sperm show coiled flagella
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• an increased number of beheaded sperm with scattered separated heads are observed, indicating a fragile neck region
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• 17.9 +/- 2.5% of sperm show bent flagella
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• 22.2 +/- 3.1% of sperm show short flagella
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• at 2 months of age, 65.7 +/- 4.5% of epididymal spermatozoa show hyper-constricted head shapes or redundant cytoplasm versus 11.4 +/- 4.6% in wild-type controls
• testis PAS staining showed abnormal head shapes with rounded ends of the anterior head and tapered ends of the posterior head at step 9 (stage IX)
• as the nucleus continues elongating, a bulged shape of the apical head and a narrow cylindrical shape of the caudal part is commonly seen
• at steps 14-15, spermatids show misshapen sperm heads with abnormal acrosomes
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• at steps 14-15, spermatids show abnormal acrosomal morphologies
• epididymal sperm show either absent or morphologically abnormal acrosomes
• most acrosomes display less condensed contents with scarcely recognizable inner and outer acrosomal membranes
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• TEM showed irregularly shaped acrosomes with uncondensed or vacuole-like contents in the perinuclear theca, suggesting failure of acrosome condensation and its attachment to the inner acrosomal membrane in the maturation phase of acrosome biogenesis
• PNA-FITC staining showed poorly condensed PNA-positive structures with a more expanded staining pattern in the perinuclear region during the maturation phase
• at P21, less round spermatids show a flattened acrosomal structure with a very thin layer on the nucleus, suggesting a delay in the elongation phase
• most epididymal spermatozoa show absent (44.5%) or aberrant (27%) PNA staining
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• acrosomes may be absent in epididymal sperm
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• aberrant acrosomes are separated from the nuclei
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• step 9 spermatids exhibit hyper-constricted sperm heads
• step 11-13 spermatids show abnormally elongated and malformed manchette microtubules
• step 14-15 spermatids show misshapen sperm heads with abnormal acrosomes
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• TEM analysis showed an ectopic manchette with respect to the edge of the acrosome in steps 8-10 spermatids
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• at steps 11-13, the distance from the perinuclear ring to the nuclear cauda is markedly increased
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• at 2 months of age, TUNEL staining showed a significantly higher number of apoptotic cells in the seminiferous tubules than in wild-type controls
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• cauda epididymal spermatozoa appear to be 100% immotile
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• at 2 months of age, H&E staining of seminiferous tubules showed a marked decline in elongating spermatids reaching the tubule lumen
• PAS staining of stage XI-XII tubules showed an increased number of pyknotic germ cells (spermatocytes) with dark staining, indicating apoptosis
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small testis
(
J:325402
)
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• at 2 months of age, testis weight is significantly lower than in wild-type or heterozygous controls
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• a reduced number of haploid germ cells enter spermiogenesis along with multiple defects in sperm head shaping and tail formation and increased spermatocyte apoptosis
• hyper-constricted sperm heads are detected in step 9 spermatids along with abnormal manchette development and disruption of acrosome biogenesis in the maturation phase
• flagellar elongation is severely affected with disrupted assembly of the mitochondrial sheath
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• steps 8-9 spermatids show reduced electron density in the equatorial zone (including the marginal ring and circumferential groove) and the post-acrosomal region (PAR), suggesting a deficiency of cytoskeleton components
• at steps 11-13, manchette microtubules appear abnormally elongated and malformed
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• although male mice are able to mate normally, they fail to produce any pups
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cellular
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• at 2 months of age, cauda epididymal sperm count is severely reduced relative to that in wild-type or heterozygous controls
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• at 2 months of age, epididymal spermatozoa show multiple flagellum defects including absent, coiled, bent, and/or irregular-caliber flagella
|
|
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• sperm flagella show disorganized/absent outer dense fibers
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|
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• sperm flagella show disorganized/absent axonemal components, such as central pairs, outer doublet microtubules and radial spokes
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• the central pair complex (CPC) is often absent in the mid-piece and principal piece, but is mostly formed in the end-piece
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• in some cases, a broken sperm neck region is observed
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• 12.7 +/- 2.5% of sperm show irregular flagella caliber
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• assembly of the mitochondrial sheath is disrupted; sperm flagella show abnormally arranged mitochondria with vacuolated or tenuous contents in the mid-piece
• testis TEM showed redundant recruitment of mitochondria that cannot be properly assembled
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• 20.9 +/- 3.8% of sperm show absent flagella
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• 25.8 +/- 5.5% of sperm show coiled flagella
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• an increased number of beheaded sperm with scattered separated heads are observed, indicating a fragile neck region
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• 17.9 +/- 2.5% of sperm show bent flagella
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• 22.2 +/- 3.1% of sperm show short flagella
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• at 2 months of age, 65.7 +/- 4.5% of epididymal spermatozoa show hyper-constricted head shapes or redundant cytoplasm versus 11.4 +/- 4.6% in wild-type controls
• testis PAS staining showed abnormal head shapes with rounded ends of the anterior head and tapered ends of the posterior head at step 9 (stage IX)
• as the nucleus continues elongating, a bulged shape of the apical head and a narrow cylindrical shape of the caudal part is commonly seen
• at steps 14-15, spermatids show misshapen sperm heads with abnormal acrosomes
|
|
|
• at steps 14-15, spermatids show abnormal acrosomal morphologies
• epididymal sperm show either absent or morphologically abnormal acrosomes
• most acrosomes display less condensed contents with scarcely recognizable inner and outer acrosomal membranes
|
|
|
• TEM showed irregularly shaped acrosomes with uncondensed or vacuole-like contents in the perinuclear theca, suggesting failure of acrosome condensation and its attachment to the inner acrosomal membrane in the maturation phase of acrosome biogenesis
• PNA-FITC staining showed poorly condensed PNA-positive structures with a more expanded staining pattern in the perinuclear region during the maturation phase
• at P21, less round spermatids show a flattened acrosomal structure with a very thin layer on the nucleus, suggesting a delay in the elongation phase
• most epididymal spermatozoa show absent (44.5%) or aberrant (27%) PNA staining
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• acrosomes may be absent in epididymal sperm
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• aberrant acrosomes are separated from the nuclei
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• step 9 spermatids exhibit hyper-constricted sperm heads
• step 11-13 spermatids show abnormally elongated and malformed manchette microtubules
• step 14-15 spermatids show misshapen sperm heads with abnormal acrosomes
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• steps 8-9 spermatids show reduced electron density in the equatorial zone (including the marginal ring and circumferential groove) and the post-acrosomal region (PAR), suggesting a deficiency of cytoskeleton components
• at steps 11-13, manchette microtubules appear abnormally elongated and malformed
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• TEM analysis showed an ectopic manchette with respect to the edge of the acrosome in steps 8-10 spermatids
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• at steps 11-13, the distance from the perinuclear ring to the nuclear cauda is markedly increased
|
|
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• at 2 months of age, TUNEL staining showed a significantly higher number of apoptotic cells in the seminiferous tubules than in wild-type controls
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• cauda epididymal spermatozoa appear to be 100% immotile
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• at 2 months of age, H&E staining of seminiferous tubules showed a marked decline in elongating spermatids reaching the tubule lumen
• PAS staining of stage XI-XII tubules showed an increased number of pyknotic germ cells (spermatocytes) with dark staining, indicating apoptosis
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small testis
(
J:325402
)
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• at 2 months of age, testis weight is significantly lower than in wild-type or heterozygous controls
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