mortality/aging
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• when heterozygous (-/X) female mice are crossed with hemizygous male (-/Y) mice, the birthrate of homozygous female progeny is only 12% versus expected 25%
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• 27% of homozygous females die with developmental defects during E12.5-E14.5
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growth/size/body
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• at E13.5, embryo size is abnormally decreased relative to wild-type controls; embryo size is highly correlated with placental weight
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embryo
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• at E13.5, embryo size is abnormally decreased relative to wild-type controls; embryo size is highly correlated with placental weight
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• at E13.5, trophoblast giant cells are lost in the placentae of abnormally smaller embryos
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• at E13.5, the spongiotrophoblast is lost in the placentae of abnormally smaller embryos
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• at E13.5, the placental labyrinthine zone is lost in abnormally smaller embryos
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• at E13.5, placenta weight is decreased in abnormally smaller embryos
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craniofacial
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• ~31% of females that survive through embryonic development exhibit a dome-shaped skull at 4-5 weeks after birth
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cellular
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• homozygous females generate 4 +/- 2 pups per litter with only a 10% perinatal survival: when homozygous females are crossed with wild-type males, only 5 (exclusively -/X) of 51 newborns (10%) survive for 24 hours, i.e. much less than those generated from wild-type breeders (95%) or from heterozygous females crossed with wild-type males (87%)
• however, those 5 of 51 mice (10%) exhibiting maternal effect lethality have a body weight similar to that of wild-type controls
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skeleton
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• ~31% of females that survive through embryonic development exhibit a dome-shaped skull at 4-5 weeks after birth
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