behavior/neurological
• progressive decrease in latency to fall in inverted grid test beginning at 11 months of age; phenotype is more severe in homozygotes than in heterozygotes
• decrease in latency to fall in rotarod test beginning at 15 months of age
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muscle
• atrophic cells found in soleus muscle
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• increased number of internal nuclei in muscle fibers
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nervous system
• increase in number of pre-synaptic boutons, although size of boutons is similar to controls
• homozygote phenotype is more severe than heterozygote phenotype
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• post-synaptic area of neuromuscular junction has a fragmented appearance; phenotype is more severe in homozygotes than in heterozygotes
• total endplate area is increased in size
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• motor neurons of the spinal cord exhibit cytoplasmic inclusions containing ubiquitinated proteins at 6 months of age
• increased number of inclusions are observed in homozygous mice as compared to heterozygous mice
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• mice exhibit mild denervation of lower motor neurons
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