behavior/neurological
| N |
• Anxiety-related behavior, basic motor processes (movement, coordination), and associative learning are not impaired in mutants
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• mice show profoundly decreased cocaine self-administration; acquistion of cocaine self-administration is similar to controls but dose-response is decreased indicating a lower reinforcing efficacy of cocaine
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nervous system
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• spontaneous firing rate of dopamine neurons is highly reduced in ventral tegmental area (VTA)
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homeostasis/metabolism
| N |
• circulating glucocorticoid levels are normal under basal and stress conditions
• anxiety-related behaviors are not altered compared to controls indicating behavioral changes are specific to cocaine reinforcement
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