Analysis Tools
behavior/neurological
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• males display high levels of aggression during prenatal development with resident males attacking an intruder with shorter latency, for longer duration, and with higher frequency
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• males exhibit significantly higher levels of locomotor activity
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• pups of homozygous females are often scattered around the cage and dams spend less time crouching over pups, indicating a decrease in maternal behavior
• virgin females that have not lactated also display impaired maternal behavior
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• dams exibit a longer latency to retrieve pups, however this is not due to a failure of mothers to detect pups because latency to approach and sniff the pups is similar to wild-type
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• males display social amnesia in that they spend a similar amount of time investigating a new female as they do a familiar female
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• infant males emit fewer ultrasonic vocalizations in response to social isolation
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• famales fail to lactate resulting in the death of all offspring within 24 hours after birth, even though mammary tissue development, milk production, and parturition are normal
• milk does not accumulate in ducts of the postpartum mammary glands
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integument
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• famales fail to lactate resulting in the death of all offspring within 24 hours after birth, even though mammary tissue development, milk production, and parturition are normal
• milk does not accumulate in ducts of the postpartum mammary glands
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