Inbred Strains
of Mice: AKR
Albino:
a,B,c. Origin: a dealer named Detwiler in Norristown PA.
Carried by Furth as a high-leukaemia strain from 1928 to 1936, then random
bred at the Rockefeller Inst. for several generations. b x s by Mrs. Rhoades
to F9 then C.Lynch to F21. This strain is best known for it's high incidence
of lymphatic leukaemia, and for the
Thy1a
T-cell antigen, which is only present in this and a few other strains.
Early history is obscure, but Acton
et al (
1973) found substantial substrain differences, which can best
be accounted for by genetic contamination. This could have occurred at
the time the strain was maintained by random mating. The strain has an
international distribution, ranks about eighth in frequency of use and
is widely used in cancer research for its high leukaemia incidence (
Lilly and Pincus, 1973) and in immunology
as a source of the Thy1.1 (theta AKR) antigen, although this varies between
substrains. Mice of this strain are viraemic from birth and express in
all tissues the ecotropic retrovirus AKV, copies of which are intrgrated
into the genome and which is associated with the development of the leukaemia.
In some substrains additional copies of the viral genomes may be integrated
(
Herr and Gilbert 1982).
Major substrains include:
AKR/J
Inbr ?. To Jackson Laboratory 1940. Maintained by J.
AKR/LwN
Inbr ?. To Law 1940, to N 1956 at F53. Maint. by N.
AKR/FuA
Genetically contaminated and renamed ACR/A. Maint. by A.
AKR/Cum
Inbr ?. Origin ?. Differs from other substrains in being
Mod1a
.
AKR/FuRdA
Oak Ridge, to ?, to Rudale, to Netherlands Cancer Institute 1953. Carries
Thy1.1 and appears similar to AKR/J.
AKR/TlAld
Carries an autosomal translocation and has a low fertility (
Leonard and DeKnudt, 1967)
Behaviour
High intrastrain aggression (2/14) (
Southwick
and Clark, 1966). High food drive (2/15), low emotionality (13/15)
(
Thompson, 1953). Long time of immobility
in a forced swimming test (2/9) (
Nikulina
et al 1991) Susceptible to audiogenic seizures (3/11) (
Fuller and Sjursen, 1967). High open-field activity (2/13)
(
Bruell, 1964). Low shock avoidance learning
in females (5/6) (
Royce et al., 1971.,
1971). Low preference for sweet tasting substances (saccharin, sucrose,
dulcin and acesulfame, averaged) (24/26) (
Lush 1988).
Life-span and spontaneous disease
Life-span short (1/22 = 326 days in males, 276 days in females) in conventional
conditions (Storer, 1966). Life-span short (1/17
= 350 days in males, 312 days in females) in fostered SPF conditions (Festing and Blackmore, 1971).
Lymphatic leukaemia 57% in males, 65% in females and 4% in virgin females.
Mammary adenocarcinomas and primary lung tumours less than 1% (Hoag,
1963). Lymphatic leukaemia 66-87% (Festing
and Blackmore, 1971). High gross tumour incidence (1/22) (Storer,
1966). Leukaemia 80-90% in females and 70-80% in males by 18 months
(Nemirovsky and Trainin, 1973). Leukaemia
88% (Myers et al., 1970., 1970). Incidence
of leukaemia not altered by treatment with recombinant human growth hormone
(Bechensteen et al, 1993). Low incidence
of leukemia (about 7% T-cell and 28% B-cell) in the AKR-Fv1b
congenic strain with limited replication and spread of the N-tropic
murine leukemia virus (Rosner et al, 1993, Haran-Ghera et al, 1993).
Normal physiology and biochemistry
Low metabolic rate (18/18) (Storer, 1967). High
concentration of prostaglandin F in epididymis (2/6) (Badr,
1975). Low plasma cholinesterase activity (22/22) (Angel et al., 1967., 1967). Low plasma cholesterol levels
(1/11) (Jiao et al 1990). High N'-methylnicotinamide
oxidase activity in both sexes (2/7) (Huff and
Chaykin, 1967). Low serum haptoglobin levels (11/11) (Peacock et al., 1967., 1967). High hepatic delta-aminolaevulinate
dehydratase activity (1/8) (Doyle and Schimke,
1969). Low serum calcium at 7 months (6/6) (Barrett
et al., 1975., 1975). High porphyrin content in Harderian gland (1/16)
(Margolis, 1971). Venous blood has a high
pH (1/10) (Bernstein, 1966). Blood catalase
has a high specific activity (2/7) (Magdon, 1962).
Resistant to the development of atherosclerosis on a semi-synthetic high
fat diet (cf 5/9) (Nishina et al, 1993).
Sensitive to the development of obesity associated with adipocyte sensitivity
to insulin (contrast SWR/J) (Eberhart et
al, 1994, West et al, 1995). Hyporesponsive
to diets containing high levels of fat and cholesterol (8/9) (Kirk et al, 1995). Eat 30% more calories than SWR (resistant
to high-fat dietary obesity) with a higher fat and lower carbohydrate
intake (Smith et al, 1997).
Anatomy
Low testes weight (8/8) (
Shire and Bartke, 1972).
Large brain weight in females (13/18) (
Storer, 1967).
High percent carcass lipid on a high-fat diet (9/9) (
West et al 1992). Large brain weight (3/25) (
Roderick et al., 1973., 1973). Low total leukocyte count
(14/18), high mean corpuscular volume (2/18) (
Russell
et al., 1951., 1951). Large relative thymus weight at 14 days (3/8),
49 days (1/8) and 90 days (1/8) (
Albert et
al., 1966., 1966). Large relative thymus weight (1/6) (
Belyaev et al., 1970., 1970). Low relative spleen weight
(9/9 to 7/9, depending on age) (
Albert et
al., 1966., 1966). A significant number of acinar cells of pancreas
contain up to twelve nuclei (contrast seven other strains, but cf. C58)
(
Pollard, 1973). Carries adrenocortical lipid
depletion gene which is characterised by loss of lipid vacuoles and occurrence
of many closely packed mitochondria in cytoplasm of cortical cells (
Arnesen, 1963). Low bone density of femur (8/11)
(
Beamer et al, 1996).
Drugs
High susceptibility to transplacental tumour induction by 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea
(IfS) (
Diwan et al., 1973., 1973). Resistant
to skin ulceration by DMBA (cf. 9/22) (
Thomas
et al., 1973., 1973). Resistant to toxic effects of DMBA (1/6) (
Schmid et al., 1966., 1966). Resistant to
teratogenic effects of 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea (5/5) (
Diwan et al., 1974., 1974). Resistant to induction of tumours
by 3-methylcholanthrene (10/12) (
Whitmire
et al., 1971., 1971). Highly susceptible to the induction of tumours
by N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea (MNU) due to a gene on chromosome 7 (
Angel et al, 1993). Sensitive to lethal effects of ozone
(4/21) (
Goldstein et al., 1973., 1973),
but resistant (cf 3/8) to ozone-induced decreases of tracheal potential
(
Takahashi et al, 1995). Sensitive
to X-irradiation (19/27) (
Roderick, 1963).
Resistant to pulmonary hyaline membrane formation in 90% oxygen (2/10)
(
Lieberman and Kellog, 1967). High
incidence of virus-like particles in chemically induced sarcomas (2/6)
but low susceptibility to tumour induction by 3,4-benzpyrene (6/6) (
Liebelt et al., 1970., 1970). Short sleeping
time under hexobarbital anaesthetic (4/15) (Lovell, 1976), short sleeping
time under pentobarbitone anaesthetic (4/23), Lovell (
1986).
Resistant to colon carcinogenesis by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (cf. 4/7) (
Evans et al., 1977., 1977). Sensitive to seizures
induced by nicotine (17/19) (
Marks et al 1989).
Carries gene (
Tpmt) for low levels of thiopurine methyltransferase
activity, catalyzing the
S-methylation of 6-mercaptopurine and
other heterocyclic and aromaticthiol compounds (like C57BL/6, unlike DBA/2)
(
Otterness and Weinshilboum 1987a,b).
Airways hyperreactive to acetylcholine (c.f. 3/7) (
Zhang et al, 1995). A diet containing 15% dairy fat, 1% cholesterol
and 0.5% cholic acid did not cause a high incidence of cholesterol gallstones
(like SM, DBA/2 contrast C57L, SWR, A) (
Faulkner
et al, 1995)
Immunology
Sensitive to amyloid induction (3/10) but low level of spontaneous amyloid
formation (
Ram et al., 1969., 1969). High
susceptibility to amyloid using
Escherichia coli endotoxin (1/6)
(
Willerson et al., 1969., 1969). High
lymphocyte phytohaemagglutinin response (11/43) (
Heiniger et al., 1975., 1975). Good immune response to small
doses of bovine gamma-globulin (cf. 4/8) (
Levine
and Vaz, 1970). Poor primary immune response to bacteriophage fd (6/7)
(
Klsch et al., 1971l., 1971). Poor
splenic PFC immune response to pneumococcal polysaccharide (8/9) (
Amsbaugh et al. 1972 . 1972). Good immune response to ovomucoid,
but poor response to ovalbumin (cf. 5/12) (
Vaz
et al., 1971., 1971). Good immune response to DNP-keyhole limpet haemocyanin
(2/11) (
Borel and Kilham, 1974). Discriminator
between `H' and `L' sheep RBC (cf. 12/18) (
McCarthy
and Dutton, 1975). High susceptibility to IgE-mediated passive cutaneous
anaphylaxis (1/12) (
De Souza et al., 1974.,
1974). Susceptible to the anaphylactic death following an intravenous
injection of bovine serum albumin into primed mice (
Lei
et al, 1996).
Erythrocytes have a high agglutinability (cf. 14/25) (Rubinstein et al., 1974., 1974). High incidence of expression
of RNA tumour virus group specific antigen (1/5) (Diwan
et al., 1973., 1973). Low immune response to ferritin (14/16) (Young et al., 1976., 1976). Low immune response
to dextran (cf. 6/10) (Blomberg et al.,
1972., 1972). Low immune response to ganglio-series gangliosides (c.f.
4/10) Kawashima et al (1992). Resistant
to immunosuppression of contact hypersensitivity by ultraviolet B light
(cf 4/18) (Noonan and Hoffman, 1994).
High expression of neutral glycosphingolipid GgOse(4)Cer in concanavalin
A stimulated T lymphoblasts (cf 3/6) (Muthing,
1997).
Infection
Resistant to infection by the obligate intracelluar parasite
Besnotia
jettisoni (1/8) (
Lunde and Gelderman,
1971). Susceptible to a natural intestinal helminth infection (10/10)
(
Eaton, 1972). Susceptible to
Herpes simplex
infection (11/11) (
Lopez, 1975). Low mortality
in a natural epizootic of ectromelia (8/8) (
Briody,
1966). Resistant to induction of diabetes mellitus by encephalomyocarditis
virus (cf. 7/14) (
Boucher et al., 1975.,
1975). Resistant (1/7) to the induction of dental caries due to infection
with
Streptococcus mutans (
Kurihara
et al 1991). Susceptible to infection with murine herpes virus (1/4)
(
Kapoor et al 1992). Mouse mammary tumor
proviral loci have been identified by Lee and Eicher (
1990). Develop severe lesions (1/8) following infection with
Candida albicans (
Ashman et al, 1993).
Resistant (4/10) to infection with
Ehrlichia risticii (
Williams and Timoney, 1994). Resistant, with low amylase
response to the fungus
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (cf 6/12)
(
Xidieh et al, 1994). Infection with larval
Echinococcus multilocularis by transportal injection of hyatid
homogenate results in well developed protoscoleces (cf 4/9) (
Nakaya et al, 1997). Develop paralysis (age-dependent polyomyelitis)
following infection with the lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus in
common with other mouse strains (e.g. C58) which possess N-tropic ecotropic
murine leukemia proviruses and are homozygous Fv-1n (
Anderson et al, 1995).
Reproduction
Poor reproductive performance (22/25), output 0.74 young/female/week, litter
size low (22/25) at 4.1 weaned (Festing, 1976a). Intermediate breeding
performance (14/24) (
Hansen et al., 1973.,
1973). Low post-implantation loss of embryos (1/8), but high pre-implantation
losses (8/8) (
Leonard et al., 1971.,
1971).
Miscellaneous
Recommended host for transplantable lymphatic leukaemia BW5147 (Kaliss,
1972). High spontaneous mutation rate (4/21) (
Schlager
and Dickie, 1967).
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INBRED STRAINS OF MICE
Updated 9 Apr. 1998
Michael FW
Festing
MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building,
University of Leicester,
UK
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