Analysis Tools
embryo
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• after parthenogenetic activation with strontium chloride, oocytes from 22-25-week-old mice progress asynchronously and with reduced rates through the 4-cell and morula stages; most embryos are lost or look fragmented by day 5 and less than 10% reach the blastocyst stage
• however, oocytes from 6-10-week-old mice show normal progression through the 2-cell, 4-cell, and morula stages and ~30% reach the blastocyst stage 5 d after parthenogenetic activation, similar to oocytes from age-matched wild-type mice
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• after parthenogenetic activation, less than 10% of oocytes from 22-25-week-old mice develop to the blastocyst stage, unlike activated oocytes from aged-matched wild-type mice, ~ 80% of which develop into blastocysts
• however, oocytes from 6-10-week-old mice reach the blastocyst stage with normal efficiency and kinetics 5 days after parthenogenetic activation
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reproductive system
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• marked decline in female fertility with progressing age
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• litters of mature adult mutant females are significantly smaller than those of wild-type females
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cellular
| N |
• metaphase II-arrested (MII) oocytes from both 6-10- and 22-25-week-old mice show normal spindle morphology and length
• MII oocytes from mature adult mice show normal chromosome segregation after parthenogenetic activation
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• in vitro, oocytes of mature adult females exhibit defective preimplantation embryo development after parthenogenetic activation
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immune system
| N |
• no alterations are observed in innate or adaptive immune responses in ex vivo-stimulated leukocytes and in in vivo-challenged mice
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