mortality/aging
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• cyanosis and death within a few hours of birth; perinatal lethality is due to outflow tract septation defects
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cardiovascular system
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• the trabecular myocardium, but not the compact myocardium, shows a reduction in the relative proliferation rate in embryos
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• foreshortened outflow tract
• complete penetrance of outflow tract defects
• the proximal outflow tract shows defective endocardial networks, while the neural crest-derived distal outflow tract endocardial cushions appear normal
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• smaller developing endocardial cushions in the proximal outflow tract
• the outflow tract cushions show a reduction in the relative proliferation rate in embryos
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• 92% of mutants exhibit a single outflow tract arising from the right ventricle
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• only a small number of embryos show double outlet right ventricle
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• reduction of trabecular networks in the right ventricle, whereas the left ventricle is normal
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• decrease in the relative proliferative rate of the second heart field is evident as early as E10, resulting in hypoplastic right ventricle at E12.5
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homeostasis/metabolism
muscle
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• the trabecular myocardium, but not the compact myocardium, shows a reduction in the relative proliferation rate in embryos
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