mortality/aging
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• pups die within a few hours of birth
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nervous system
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• increased neuron apoptosis observed in superior cervical ganglia
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• defects in extension and branching of sympathetic axons are observed in salivary glands, thymus, heart, spleen and bladder at E16.5
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• incomplete innervation in paravertebral sympathetic ganglia and prevertebral ganglia
• sympathetic axons in spleen extend to target, but fail to grow and arborize spleen parenchyma
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craniofacial
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• pups exhibit craniofacial abnormalities
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cellular
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• increased neuron apoptosis observed in superior cervical ganglia
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• defects in extension and branching of sympathetic axons are observed in salivary glands, thymus, heart, spleen and bladder at E16.5
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