respiratory system
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• cell proliferation is reduced in lung epithelia at the beginning of the alveolarization phase compared to controls which show an increase in proliferation
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• from 10-18 months of age, inflammatory cell infiltration is seen with loss of alveolar structures
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• mice show an increase in the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the lungs at P4, P8, P20, and P30, indicating increased apoptosis
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• altered alveolarization process and a reduction in secondary alveolar crest formation
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• the volume density ratio of secondary alveolar crests/lung parenchyma in the lungs is lower than in controls, indicating a decrease in secondary crest volume density
• from 10-18 months of age, mice show progressive loss of alveolar structures
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• increase in size of alveolar ducts
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• lungs show diffuse airspace enlargement at P4
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• lungs show short or absent secondary septa at P4
• increase in apoptosis in the alveolar septa
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• reduction of the number of alveolar septa and an increase in size of the alveolar ducts results in developmental emphysema
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• alveolar elastic fibers are fragmented, thin, not well-organized and distributed in the alveolar wall with an unraveled and loose appearance
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immune system
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• from 10-18 months of age, inflammatory cell infiltration is seen with loss of alveolar structures
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cellular
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• cell proliferation is reduced in lung epithelia at the beginning of the alveolarization phase compared to controls which show an increase in proliferation
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