Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• no abnormalities in testis
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• mean mutant mesometrial maternal decidua surface area is 2.81-fold greater than in controls
• decidua are abnormal in appearance, featuring many mitotic figures in females 11.5 days pregnant, with little evidence of apoptosis, and many cells with unusually abundant cytoplasm, particularly near the trophoblast invasion front
• 9-fold decrease in apoptotic decidaul cells in mutants relative to controls
• about 2-3 days after expected parturition in the second gestation, females show necrotic decidua with transmural pyometritis and edema in the endometrial stroma
• these results indicate failure of decidual regression
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• mutant decidua shows 2.63-fold fewer uterine natural killer cells than control females that are 11.5 dpc
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• endometrium epithelial cells appear hypertrophic, hyperplastic, and disorganized
• about 2-3 days after expected parturition of the second gestation, females show necrotic decidua with transmural pyometritis and edema in the endometrial stroma
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• endometrial fibrosis is seen in females beyond the first gestation at day 112.5 and day 119.45 pc
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• thickening of the myometrium and disorganization of the muscle fibers before and throughout gestation
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• uteri of pregnant females beyond the first gestation, show varying degrees of hyperplasia of both the uterine and glandular epithelia
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• primiparous females exhibit reduced fertility due to increased fetal loss at E11.5
• almost all mutant females fail to carry a second litter to term; females pregnant for the second time show signs of implantation but no viable fetuses at 9.5 dpc
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• females produce about 44% fewer pups per mating than controls
• implanted fetuses fail to develop to term due to epithelial hyperplasia and other uterine anomalies
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embryo
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• females at 11.5 days of pregnancy exhibit poorly transformed maternal vasculature in the decidua, showing persistence of the muscular layer of maternal vessels, even deep within the decidual tissue, however maternal vascular transformation appears complete by 14.5 dpc, indicating a transient delay in vasculature transformation
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• mean mutant mesometrial maternal decidua surface area is 2.81-fold greater than in controls
• decidua are abnormal in appearance, featuring many mitotic figures in females 11.5 days pregnant, with little evidence of apoptosis, and many cells with unusually abundant cytoplasm, particularly near the trophoblast invasion front
• 9-fold decrease in apoptotic decidaul cells in mutants relative to controls
• about 2-3 days after expected parturition in the second gestation, females show necrotic decidua with transmural pyometritis and edema in the endometrial stroma
• these results indicate failure of decidual regression
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• mutant decidua shows 2.63-fold fewer uterine natural killer cells than control females that are 11.5 dpc
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• abnormal development of the placental labyrinth, and frequent apparent intrauterine fetal growth restriction
• by 11.5 dpc, the placental labyrinth is thin and underdeveloped in most concepti of mutant females
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• by 11.5 dpc, trophoblast migration appears restricted by an abnormally thick maternal decidua
• fetal trophoblast glycogen cells do not migrate beyond the parietal trophoblast giant cell border by 14.5 dpc as in controls and are halted at the maternal-fetal interface
• trophoblast migration is impeded by inhibition of decidual regression and is attributable to inhibition of decidual cell apoptosis
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immune system
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• mutant decidua shows 2.63-fold fewer uterine natural killer cells than control females that are 11.5 dpc
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hematopoietic system
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• mutant decidua shows 2.63-fold fewer uterine natural killer cells than control females that are 11.5 dpc
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cardiovascular system
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• females at 11.5 days of pregnancy exhibit poorly transformed maternal vasculature in the decidua, showing persistence of the muscular layer of maternal vessels, even deep within the decidual tissue, however maternal vascular transformation appears complete by 14.5 dpc, indicating a transient delay in vasculature transformation
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• mutant decidua shows 2.63-fold fewer uterine natural killer cells than control females that are 11.5 dpc
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