Analysis Tools
mortality/aging
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• more than 50% of homozygotes that survive the first postnatal week die at P25
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• over 60% of homozygotes die within the first week of life
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cardiovascular system
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• at 12 weeks, the size of mutant cardiomyocytes is enlarged by ~2-fold relative to that in control mice, indicating myofiber hypertrophy
• however, no cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is noted at E19.5
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• at E19.5, mutant hearts exhibit enlarged atrioventricular valves with an abnormal thickened globular morphology relative to control hearts
• however, no fibrosis is observed, suggesting that valve thickening is due to an increased number of mesenchymal cells
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• mutant mitral valves appear thickened both at E19.5 and at 12 weeks of age
• at 12 weeks, the rate of thickening of the mitral valve is relatively lower than that of the aortic valve
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• at E19.5, mutant tricuspid valves appear thickened relative to control valves
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• at E19.5
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• mutant mitral valves appear enlarged and thickened both at E19.5 and at 12 weeks of age
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• at E19.5, mutant tricuspid valves appear enlarged relative to control valves
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• at 6 weeks of age, homozygotes display massively enlarged hearts
• heart enlargement is evident as early as E19.5
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• at E19.5, mutant hearts exhibit enlarged semilunar valves with an abnormal thickened globular morphology relative to control hearts
• however, no fibrosis is observed, suggesting that valve thickening is due to an increased number of mesenchymal cells
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• mutant aortic valves appear thickened both at E19.5 and at 12 weeks of age
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• at E19.5, mutant pulmonary valves appear thickened relative to control valves
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• at E19.5
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• mutant aortic valves appear enlarged and thickened both at E19.5 and at 12 weeks of age
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• at E19.5, mutant pulmonary valves appear enlarged relative to control valves
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• at E19.5, both left (LV) and right (RV) ventricular chambers are dilated relative to those in control hearts
• at 12 weeks of age, homozygotes show progressive dilation of both ventricular chambers relative to controls
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• at 8-12 weeks, transthoracic echocardiography indicates marked dilation of the LV diameter, with an average LV end-diastolic value of 4.53 mm vs 2.87 mm in control mice
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• at 8-12 weeks, the ventricular fractional shortening (FS) is reduced to 29% in mutant mice relative to 49% in control mice
• however, no differences in body weight, heart rate, and systolic or diastolic blood pressures are observed relative to control mice
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muscle
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• at 12 weeks, the size of mutant cardiomyocytes is enlarged by ~2-fold relative to that in control mice, indicating myofiber hypertrophy
• however, no cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is noted at E19.5
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• at 8-12 weeks, the ventricular fractional shortening (FS) is reduced to 29% in mutant mice relative to 49% in control mice
• however, no differences in body weight, heart rate, and systolic or diastolic blood pressures are observed relative to control mice
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growth/size/body
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• at 6 weeks of age, homozygotes display massively enlarged hearts
• heart enlargement is evident as early as E19.5
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