growth/size/body
• pups with homozygous mothers weight 50% of normal mice
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• pups with homozygous mothers fail to thrive
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• mammary glands have reduced numbers of epithelial cells
• some epithelial cells remain condensed and disorganized without forming alveolar structures
• lumens are absent from clusters of epithelium
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• milk proteins are reduced
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• apoptosis in mammary epithelium is increased
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integument
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• mammary glands have reduced numbers of epithelial cells
• some epithelial cells remain condensed and disorganized without forming alveolar structures
• lumens are absent from clusters of epithelium
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• milk proteins are reduced
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• apoptosis in mammary epithelium is increased
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cellular
• pups with homozygous mothers fail to thrive, are about 50% of normal weight and some do not survive lactation
• in litters that experience lethality, the litters are reduced to 50% at day 5 and 25% by day 10
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