Analysis Tools
nervous system
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• with 30 minutes of perforant path stimulation (PPS), all mutant mice develop self-sustaining status epilepticus, SSSE (self-sustaining seizure activity) with last seizure observed 345 minutes after stimulation, whereas no wild-type controls displayed SSSE
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• kainic acid treatment, stage 5 seizures occur with a 17-fold higher frequency than wild-type mice treated with kainic acid
• pentylene tetrazol (PTZ) treatment results in more severe seizures than those induced by kainic acid
• galanin treatment delays the occurrence of the first seizure and attenuates the severity of PTZ-induced seizures, bringing indices of both parameters to wild-type levels
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• kainic acid injection induces significantly increased CA1 (62.9%) and CA2 (44.8%) apoptosis
• staurosporine and glutamate both cause increased cell death of hippocampal neurons in culture
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• reduced numbers of lactotrophs
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• prolactin levels in the hypophysis of randomly cycling females reduced about 40%
• plasma levels of prolactin are generally normal
• levels of both prolactin message and peptide reduced in the pituitary 7 days postpartum
• serum prolactin also reduced in serum 7 days postpartum
• estradiol-17beta induces increased prolactin mRNA but not protein
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• neuronal damage in the hippocampus extends from CA1 to CA3 and hilus, compared to wild-type where injury is restricted to CA1
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• reduced 13% relative to controls
• small peptidergic neurons preferentially lost
• short period of apoptosis occurs around 3-4 days of age
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• reduced 13% relative to controls
• small peptidergic neurons preferentially lost
• short period of apoptosis occurs around 3-4 days of age
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• nerve regeneration reduced by 30-40%
• sciatic nerve regeneration after injury incomplete until some time between 4 and 5 weeks whereas complete recovery only takes 2 weeks in controls
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• mutants show enhanced ability LTP initiation and maintenance compared to wild-type
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behavior/neurological
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• increased exploration of objects placed in a familiar setting
• failure to discriminate familiar objects in a changed location
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• with 30 minutes of perforant path stimulation (PPS), all mutant mice develop self-sustaining status epilepticus, SSSE (self-sustaining seizure activity) with last seizure observed 345 minutes after stimulation, whereas no wild-type controls displayed SSSE
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• kainic acid treatment, stage 5 seizures occur with a 17-fold higher frequency than wild-type mice treated with kainic acid
• pentylene tetrazol (PTZ) treatment results in more severe seizures than those induced by kainic acid
• galanin treatment delays the occurrence of the first seizure and attenuates the severity of PTZ-induced seizures, bringing indices of both parameters to wild-type levels
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• reduced numbers of lactotrophs
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• reduced ductal branching in the mammary glands of 8 week old virgin females
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• prolactin levels in the hypophysis of randomly cycling females reduced about 40%
• plasma levels of prolactin are generally normal
• levels of both prolactin message and peptide reduced in the pituitary 7 days postpartum
• serum prolactin also reduced in serum 7 days postpartum
• estradiol-17beta induces increased prolactin mRNA but not protein
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• inability to lactate is absolute for first pregnancies but pup survival improves to 20% after later pregnancies
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• females unable to lactate resulting in death of all pups within 48 hours of birth unless fostered out
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• kainic acid injection induces significantly increased CA1 (62.9%) and CA2 (44.8%) apoptosis
• staurosporine and glutamate both cause increased cell death of hippocampal neurons in culture
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• 2-deoxy-glucose has less effect on the initial drop in plasma insulin levels but a causes a greater increase in subsequent insulin levels
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integument
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• reduced ductal branching in the mammary glands of 8 week old virgin females
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• inability to lactate is absolute for first pregnancies but pup survival improves to 20% after later pregnancies
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• females unable to lactate resulting in death of all pups within 48 hours of birth unless fostered out
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cellular
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• kainic acid injection induces significantly increased CA1 (62.9%) and CA2 (44.8%) apoptosis
• staurosporine and glutamate both cause increased cell death of hippocampal neurons in culture
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