About   Help   FAQ
Gene Expression Literature Summary
Assay
Age
RT-PCR
Postnatal

72 matching records from 72 references.

Summary by Gene and Reference: Number indicates the number of results matching the search criteria recorded for each reference.
* Indicates detailed expression data entries available
Tnf  tumor necrosis factor   (Synonyms: DIF, Tnfa, TNFalpha, TNF alpha, TNF-alpha, Tnfsf1a, tumor necrosis factor-alpha)
Results  Reference
1*J:238836 Adams DC, Karolak MJ, Larman BW, Liaw L, Nolin JD, Oxburgh L, Follistatin-like 1 regulates renal IL-1beta expression in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2010 Dec;299(6):F1320-7
1J:308105 Angueira AR, Sakers AP, Holman CD, Cheng L, Arbocco MN, Shamsi F, Lynes MD, Shrestha R, Okada C, Batmanov K, Susztak K, Tseng YH, Liaw L, Seale P, Defining the lineage of thermogenic perivascular adipose tissue. Nat Metab. 2021 Apr;3(4):469-484
1J:327290 Appel S, Turnwald EM, Ankerne J, Wohlfarth M, Appel J, Rother E, Janoschek R, Alejandre Alcazar MA, Schnare M, Meissner U, Dotsch J, Hypoxia-Mediated Soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 1 Increase Is Not Attenuated in Interleukin 6-Deficient Mice. Reprod Sci. 2015 Jun;22(6):735-42
1J:344220 Bai X, Wang B, Cui Y, Tian S, Zhang Y, You L, Chang YZ, Gao G, Hepcidin deficiency impairs hippocampal neurogenesis and mediates brain atrophy and memory decline in mice. J Neuroinflammation. 2024 Jan 9;21(1):15
1J:229471 Branchfield K, Nantie L, Verheyden JM, Sui P, Wienhold MD, Sun X, Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells function as airway sensors to control lung immune response. Science. 2016 Feb 12;351(6274):707-10
1*J:93240 Brenner O, Levanon D, Negreanu V, Golubkov O, Fainaru O, Woolf E, Groner Y, Loss of Runx3 function in leukocytes is associated with spontaneously developed colitis and gastric mucosal hyperplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Dec 9;101(45):16016-21
1J:263707 Brown HM, Green ES, Tan TCY, Gonzalez MB, Rumbold AR, Hull ML, Norman RJ, Packer NH, Robertson SA, Thompson JG, Periconception onset diabetes is associated with embryopathy and fetal growth retardation, reproductive tract hyperglycosylation and impaired immune adaptation to pregnancy. Sci Rep. 2018 Feb 1;8(1):2114
1J:340527 Cai C, Luo Q, Jia L, Xia Y, Lan X, Wei X, Shi S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Xiong Z, Shi R, Huang C, Chen Z, TRIM67 Implicates in Regulating the Homeostasis and Synaptic Development of Mitral Cells in the Olfactory Bulb. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Aug 30;24(17)
1J:262187 Cautivo KM, Lizama CO, Tapia PJ, Agarwal AK, Garg A, Horton JD, Cortes VA, AGPAT2 is essential for postnatal development and maintenance of white and brown adipose tissue. Mol Metab. 2016 Jul;5(7):491-505
1J:314222 Celaya AM, Rodriguez-de la Rosa L, Bermudez-Munoz JM, Zubeldia JM, Roma-Mateo C, Avendano C, Pallardo FV, Varela-Nieto I, IGF-1 Haploinsufficiency Causes Age-Related Chronic Cochlear Inflammation and Increases Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. Cells. 2021 Jul 3;10(7)
1J:274697 Celaya AM, Sanchez-Perez I, Bermudez-Munoz JM, Rodriguez-de la Rosa L, Pintado-Berninches L, Perona R, Murillo-Cuesta S, Varela-Nieto I, Deficit of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) accelerates progressive hearing loss. Elife. 2019 Apr 2;8:e39159
1J:343446 Chen HJ, Galley JD, Verosky BG, Yang FT, Rajasekera TA, Bailey MT, Gur TL, Fetal CCL2 signaling mediates offspring social behavior and recapitulates effects of prenatal stress. Brain Behav Immun. 2024 Jan;115:308-318
1J:260136 Cipriani C, Ricceri L, Matteucci C, De Felice A, Tartaglione AM, Argaw-Denboba A, Pica F, Grelli S, Calamandrei G, Sinibaldi Vallebona P, Balestrieri E, High expression of Endogenous Retroviruses from intrauterine life to adulthood in two mouse models of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Sci Rep. 2018 Jan 12;8(1):629
1J:269851 Dainichi T, Hayden MS, Park SG, Oh H, Seeley JJ, Grinberg-Bleyer Y, Beck KM, Miyachi Y, Kabashima K, Hashimoto T, Ghosh S, PDK1 Is a Regulator of Epidermal Differentiation that Activates and Organizes Asymmetric Cell Division. Cell Rep. 2016 May 24;15(8):1615-23
1J:232562 Dayton TL, Gocheva V, Miller KM, Israelsen WJ, Bhutkar A, Clish CB, Davidson SM, Luengo A, Bronson RT, Jacks T, Vander Heiden MG, Germline loss of PKM2 promotes metabolic distress and hepatocellular carcinoma. Genes Dev. 2016 May 1;30(9):1020-33
1J:330287 de Reuver R, Verdonck S, Dierick E, Nemegeer J, Hessmann E, Ahmad S, Jans M, Blancke G, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Botzki A, Vereecke L, van Loo G, Declercq W, Hur S, Vandenabeele P, Maelfait J, ADAR1 prevents autoinflammation by suppressing spontaneous ZBP1 activation. Nature. 2022 Jul;607(7920):784-789
1*J:53584 Doi TS, Marino MW, Takahashi T, Yoshida T, Sakakura T, Old LJ, Obata Y, Absence of tumor necrosis factor rescues RelA-deficient mice from embryonic lethality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 16;96(6):2994-9
1J:307825 Fisher AL, Sangkhae V, Balusikova K, Palaskas NJ, Ganz T, Nemeth E, Iron-dependent apoptosis causes embryotoxicity in inflamed and obese pregnancy. Nat Commun. 2021 Jun 29;12(1):4026
1*J:46439 Freeman TC, Dixon AK, Campbell EA, Tait TM, Richardson PJ, Rice KM, Maslen GL, Metcalfe AD, Streuli CH, Bentley DR, Expression Mapping of Mouse Genes. MGI Direct Data Submission. 1998;
1J:310429 Furtado GC, Pacer ME, Bongers G, Benezech C, He Z, Chen L, Berin MC, Kollias G, Caamano JH, Lira SA, TNFalpha-dependent development of lymphoid tissue in the absence of RORgammat+ lymphoid tissue inducer cells. Mucosal Immunol. 2014;7(3):602-14
1J:226998 Gao D, Li T, Li XD, Chen X, Li QZ, Wight-Carter M, Chen ZJ, Activation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase by self-DNA causes autoimmune diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Oct 20;112(42):E5699-705
1J:302364 Gausseres B, Liu J, Foppen E, Tourrel-Cuzin C, Rodriguez Sanchez-Archidona A, Delangre E, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Pons S, Maskos U, Thorens B, Magnan C, Movassat J, Maouche K, The Constitutive Lack of alpha7 Nicotinic Receptor Leads to Metabolic Disorders in Mouse. Biomolecules. 2020 Jul 16;10(7):1057
1J:283846 Hirsch S, El-Achkar T, Robbins L, Basta J, Heitmeier M, Nishinakamura R, Rauchman M, A mouse model of Townes-Brocks syndrome expressing a truncated mutant Sall1 protein is protected from acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2015 Nov 15;309(10):F852-63
1J:14542 Hunt JS, Chen HL, Hu XL, Pollard JW, Normal distribution of tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger ribonucleic acid and protein in the uteri, placentas, and embryos of osteopetrotic (op/op) mice lacking colony-stimulating factor-1. Biol Reprod. 1993 Sep;49(3):441-52
1J:277787 Ikuta K, Fukuda A, Ogawa S, Masuo K, Goto N, Hiramatsu Y, Tsuda M, Kimura Y, Matsumoto Y, Kimura Y, Maruno T, Kanda K, Nishi K, Takaori K, Uemoto S, Takaishi S, Chiba T, Nishi E, Seno H, Nardilysin inhibits pancreatitis and suppresses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma initiation in mice. Gut. 2019 May;68(5):882-892
1J:289493 Isago H, Mitani A, Mikami Y, Horie M, Urushiyama H, Hamamoto R, Terasaki Y, Nagase T, Epithelial Expression of YAP and TAZ Is Sequentially Required in Lung Development. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2020 Feb;62(2):256-266
1J:176703 Jaiswal MK, Gilman-Sachs A, Chaouat G, Beaman KD, Placental ATPase expression is a link between multiple causes of spontaneous abortion in mice. Biol Reprod. 2011 Sep;85(3):626-34
1J:185213 Jaiswal MK, Mallers TM, Larsen B, Kwak-Kim J, Chaouat G, Gilman-Sachs A, Beaman KD, V-ATPase upregulation during early pregnancy: a possible link to establishment of an inflammatory response during preimplantation period of pregnancy. Reproduction. 2012 May;143(5):713-25
1J:289452 Jiao H, Wachsmuth L, Kumari S, Schwarzer R, Lin J, Eren RO, Fisher A, Lane R, Young GR, Kassiotis G, Kaiser WJ, Pasparakis M, Z-nucleic-acid sensing triggers ZBP1-dependent necroptosis and inflammation. Nature. 2020 Apr;580(7803):391-395
1J:137419 Kajino-Sakamoto R, Inagaki M, Lippert E, Akira S, Robine S, Matsumoto K, Jobin C, Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Enterocyte-derived TAK1 signaling prevents epithelium apoptosis and the development of ileitis and colitis. J Immunol. 2008 Jul 15;181(2):1143-52
1*J:94930 Kamiya A, Gonzalez FJ, TNF-alpha regulates mouse fetal hepatic maturation induced by oncostatin M and extracellular matrices. Hepatology. 2004 Sep;40(3):527-36
1*J:238698 Kasparek P, Ileninova Z, Zbodakova O, Kanchev I, Benada O, Chalupsky K, Brattsand M, Beck IM, Sedlacek R, KLK5 and KLK7 Ablation Fully Rescues Lethality of Netherton Syndrome-Like Phenotype. PLoS Genet. 2017 Jan;13(1):e1006566
1*J:17723 Kohchi C, Noguchi K, Tanabe Y, Mizuno D, Soma G, Constitutive expression of TNF-alpha and -beta genes in mouse embryo: roles of cytokines as regulator and effector on development. Int J Biochem. 1994 Jan;26(1):111-9
1J:233640 Kyrylkova K, Iwaniec UT, Philbrick KA, Leid M, BCL11B regulates sutural patency in the mouse craniofacial skeleton. Dev Biol. 2016 Jul 15;415(2):251-60
1J:237822 Lee J, Harris AN, Holley CL, Mahadevan J, Pyles KD, Lavagnino Z, Scherrer DE, Fujiwara H, Sidhu R, Zhang J, Huang SC, Piston DW, Remedi MS, Urano F, Ory DS, Schaffer JE, Rpl13a small nucleolar RNAs regulate systemic glucose metabolism. J Clin Invest. 2016 Dec 01;126(12):4616-4625
1*J:324243 Lei Z, Liu W, Nie Y, Yang Y, Chen G, Huang L, Wu H, Lei Y, Chen L, Hu Q, Rong H, Yu S, Song Q, Tong F, Guo J, EpCAM Is Essential to Maintaining the Immune Homeostasis of Intestines via Keeping the Expression of pIgR in the Intestinal Epithelium of Mice. Front Immunol. 2022;13:843378
1J:337772 Liang X, Aranyi T, Zhou J, Guan Y, Hu H, Liu H, Susztak K, Tet2- and Tet3- Mediated Cytosine Hydroxymethylation in Six2 Progenitor Cells in Mice Is Critical for Nephron Progenitor Differentiation and Nephron Endowment. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2023 Apr 1;34(4):572-589
1J:317376 Lin CW, Liu HY, Chen CY, Hsueh YP, Neuronally-expressed Sarm1 regulates expression of inflammatory and antiviral cytokines in brains. Innate Immun. 2014 Feb;20(2):161-72
1J:258670 Mahany EB, Han X, Borges BC, da Silveira Cruz-Machado S, Allen SJ, Garcia-Galiano D, Hoenerhoff MJ, Bellefontaine NH, Elias CF, Obesity and High-Fat Diet Induce Distinct Changes in Placental Gene Expression and Pregnancy Outcome. Endocrinology. 2018 Apr 1;159(4):1718-1733
1J:306136 Manti M, Pui HP, Edstrom S, Risal S, Lu H, Lindgren E, Ohlsson C, Jerlhag E, Benrick A, Deng Q, Stener-Victorin E, Excess of ovarian nerve growth factor impairs embryonic development and causes reproductive and metabolic dysfunction in adult female mice. FASEB J. 2020 Nov;34(11):14440-14457
1J:152818 Melnick M, Phair RD, Lapidot SA, Jaskoll T, Salivary gland branching morphogenesis: a quantitative systems analysis of the Eda/Edar/NFkappaB paradigm. BMC Dev Biol. 2009;9:32
1J:339076 Meng H, Zhao Y, Li Y, Fan H, Yi X, Meng X, Wang P, Fu F, Wu S, Wang Y, Evidence for developmental vascular-associated necroptosis and its contribution to venous-lymphatic endothelial differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023;11:1229788
1J:144402 Miralles F, Hebrard S, Lamotte L, Durel B, Gilgenkrantz H, Li Z, Daegelen D, Tuil D, Joshi RL, Conditional inactivation of the murine serum response factor in the pancreas leads to severe pancreatitis. Lab Invest. 2006 Oct;86(10):1020-36
1J:329931 Molla MR, Shimizu A, Komeno M, Rahman NIA, Soh JEC, Nguyen LKC, Khan MR, Tesega WW, Chen S, Pang X, Tanaka-Okamoto M, Takashima N, Sato A, Suzuki T, Ogita H, Vascular smooth muscle RhoA counteracts abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by modulating MAP4K4 activity. Commun Biol. 2022 Oct 7;5(1):1071
1J:194606 Murata K, Saito C, Ishida J, Hamada J, Sugiyama F, Yagami K, Fukamizu A, Effect of lactation on postpartum cardiac function of pregnancy-associated hypertensive mice. Endocrinology. 2013 Feb;154(2):597-602
1J:216376 Nagahama Y, Sone M, Chen X, Okada Y, Yamamoto M, Xin B, Matsuo Y, Komatsu M, Suzuki A, Enomoto K, Nishikawa Y, Contributions of hepatocytes and bile ductular cells in ductular reactions and remodeling of the biliary system after chronic liver injury. Am J Pathol. 2014;184(11):3001-12
1J:219210 Nikolaou KC, Moulos P, Chalepakis G, Hatzis P, Oda H, Reinberg D, Talianidis I, Spontaneous development of hepatocellular carcinoma with cancer stem cell properties in PR-SET7-deficient livers. EMBO J. 2015 Feb 12;34(4):430-47
1J:277582 Oeckinghaus A, Postler TS, Rao P, Schmitt H, Schmitt V, Grinberg-Bleyer Y, Kuhn LI, Gruber CW, Lienhard GE, Ghosh S, kappaB-Ras proteins regulate both NF-kappaB-dependent inflammation and Ral-dependent proliferation. Cell Rep. 2014 Sep 25;8(6):1793-1807
1J:300370 Onizawa H, Kato H, Kimura H, Kudo T, Soda N, Shimizu S, Funabiki M, Yagi Y, Nakamoto Y, Priller J, Nishikomori R, Heike T, Yan N, Tsujimura T, Mimori T, Fujita T, Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome-like encephalitis in mutant mice with constitutively active MDA5. Int Immunol. 2020 Nov 9;
1J:324687 Pantasis S, Friemel J, Brutsch SM, Hu Z, Krautbauer S, Liebisch G, Dengjel J, Weber A, Werner S, Bordoli MR, Vertebrate lonesome kinase modulates the hepatocyte secretome to prevent perivascular liver fibrosis and inflammation. J Cell Sci. 2022 Apr 1;135(7):jcs259243
1J:295059 Patel MM, Behar AR, Silasi R, Regmi G, Sansam CL, Keshari RS, Lupu F, Lupu C, Role of ADTRP (Androgen-Dependent Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Regulating Protein) in Vascular Development and Function. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Nov 20;7(22):e010690
1J:342656 Schorn F, Werthenbach JP, Hoffmann M, Daoud M, Stachelscheid J, Schiffmann LM, Hildebrandt X, Lyu SI, Peltzer N, Quaas A, Vucic D, Silke J, Pasparakis M, Kashkar H, cIAPs control RIPK1 kinase activity-dependent and -independent cell death and tissue inflammation. EMBO J. 2023 Nov 15;42(22):e113614
1J:265031 Sequeira I, Neves JF, Carrero D, Peng Q, Palasz N, Liakath-Ali K, Lord GM, Morgan PR, Lombardi G, Watt FM, Immunomodulatory role of Keratin 76 in oral and gastric cancer. Nat Commun. 2018 Aug 24;9(1):3437
1J:141141 Song B, Scheuner D, Ron D, Pennathur S, Kaufman RJ, Chop deletion reduces oxidative stress, improves beta cell function, and promotes cell survival in multiple mouse models of diabetes. J Clin Invest. 2008 Oct;118(10):3378-89
1J:334467 Sun X, Liu S, Cai J, Yang M, Li C, Tan M, He B, Mitochondrial Methionyl-tRNA Formyltransferase Deficiency Alleviates Metaflammation by Modulating Mitochondrial Activity in Mice. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Mar 22;24(6)
1J:193689 Takasuga S, Horie Y, Sasaki J, Sun-Wada GH, Kawamura N, Iizuka R, Mizuno K, Eguchi S, Kofuji S, Kimura H, Yamazaki M, Horie C, Odanaga E, Sato Y, Chida S, Kontani K, Harada A, Katada T, Suzuki A, Wada Y, Ohnishi H, Sasaki T, Critical roles of type III phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase in murine embryonic visceral endoderm and adult intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jan 29;110(5):1726-31
1J:239679 Vila IK, Yao Y, Kim G, Xia W, Kim H, Kim SJ, Park MK, Hwang JP, Gonzalez-Billalabeitia E, Hung MC, Song SJ, Song MS, A UBE2O-AMPKalpha2 Axis that Promotes Tumor Initiation and Progression Offers Opportunities for Therapy. Cancer Cell. 2017 Feb 13;31(2):208-224
1*J:64739 Wada R, Tifft CJ, Proia RL, Microglial activation precedes acute neurodegeneration in sandhoff disease and is suppressed by bone marrow transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Sep 26;97(20):10954-9
1J:236947 Wallingford MC, Gammill HS, Giachelli CM, Slc20a2 deficiency results in fetal growth restriction and placental calcification associated with thickened basement membranes and novel CD13 and lamininalpha1 expressing cells. Reprod Biol. 2016 Mar;16(1):13-26
1J:64018 Wang CC, Biben C, Robb L, Nassir F, Barnett L, Davidson NO, Koentgen F, Tarlinton D, Harvey RP, Homeodomain factor Nkx2-3 controls regional expression of leukocyte homing coreceptor MAdCAM-1 in specialized endothelial cells of the viscera. Dev Biol. 2000 Aug 15;224(2):152-67
1J:171395 Weaving L, Mihelec M, Storen R, Sosic D, Grigg JR, Tam PP, Jamieson RV, Twist2: role in corneal stromal keratocyte proliferation and corneal thickness. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Nov;51(11):5561-70
1J:317553 Wu WL, Adams CE, Stevens KE, Chow KH, Freedman R, Patterson PH, The interaction between maternal immune activation and alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in regulating behaviors in the offspring. Brain Behav Immun. 2015 May;46:192-202
1J:168909 Xia Y, Cortez-Retamozo V, Niederkofler V, Salie R, Chen S, Samad TA, Hong CC, Arber S, Vyas JM, Weissleder R, Pittet MJ, Lin HY, Dragon (repulsive guidance molecule B) inhibits IL-6 expression in macrophages. J Immunol. 2011 Feb 1;186(3):1369-76
1J:229029 Yamamoto K, Miki Y, Sato M, Taketomi Y, Nishito Y, Taya C, Muramatsu K, Ikeda K, Nakanishi H, Taguchi R, Kambe N, Kabashima K, Lambeau G, Gelb MH, Murakami M, The role of group IIF-secreted phospholipase A2 in epidermal homeostasis and hyperplasia. J Exp Med. 2015 Oct 19;212(11):1901-19
1J:331482 Yan L, Zhang T, Wang K, Chen Z, Yang Y, Shan B, Sun Q, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Zhong Y, Liu N, Gu J, Xu D, SENP1 prevents steatohepatitis by suppressing RIPK1-driven apoptosis and inflammation. Nat Commun. 2022 Nov 22;13(1):7153
1J:344311 Yan W, Chen S, Wang Y, You Y, Lu Y, Wang W, Wu B, Du J, Peng S, Cai W, Xiao Y, Loss of Mptx2 alters bacteria composition and intestinal homeostasis potentially by impairing autophagy. Commun Biol. 2024 Jan 13;7(1):94
1J:213336 Yan X, Sabrautzki S, Horsch M, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Beckers J, Hrabe de Angelis M, Graw J, Peroxidasin is essential for eye development in the mouse. Hum Mol Genet. 2014 Nov 1;23(21):5597-614
1J:295435 Yli-Karjanmaa M, Larsen KS, Fenger CD, Kristensen LK, Martin NA, Jensen PT, Breton A, Nathanson L, Nielsen PV, Lund MC, Carlsen SL, Gramsbergen JB, Finsen B, Stubbe J, Frich LH, Stolp H, Brambilla R, Anthony DC, Meyer M, Lambertsen KL, TNF deficiency causes alterations in the spatial organization of neurogenic zones and alters the number of microglia and neurons in the cerebral cortex. Brain Behav Immun. 2019 Nov;82:279-297
1J:311150 Zhang Y, Hao J, Tarrago MG, Warner GM, Giorgadze N, Wei Q, Huang Y, He K, Chen C, Peclat TR, White TA, Ling K, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Chini EN, Hu J, FBF1 deficiency promotes beiging and healthy expansion of white adipose tissue. Cell Rep. 2021 Aug 3;36(5):109481
1J:342401 Zhao H, Wong RJ, Stevenson DK, The placental vasculature is affected by changes in gene expression and glycogen-rich cells in a diet-induced obesity mouse model. PLoS One. 2023;18(11):e0294185
1*J:236180 Zhou H, Black SM, Benson TW, Weintraub NL, Chen W, Berardinelli-Seip Congenital Lipodystrophy 2/Seipin Is Not Required for Brown Adipogenesis but Regulates Brown Adipose Tissue Development and Function. Mol Cell Biol. 2016 Aug 1;36(15):2027-38
1J:277057 Zhu X, Xie S, Xu T, Wu X, Han M, Rasal2 deficiency reduces adipogenesis and occurrence of obesity-related disorders. Mol Metab. 2017 Jun;6(6):494-502

Contributing Projects:
Mouse Genome Database (MGD), Gene Expression Database (GXD), Mouse Models of Human Cancer database (MMHCdb) (formerly Mouse Tumor Biology (MTB)), Gene Ontology (GO)
Citing These Resources
Funding Information
Warranty Disclaimer, Privacy Notice, Licensing, & Copyright
Send questions and comments to User Support.
last database update
04/23/2024
MGI 6.23
The Jackson Laboratory