Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• in preantral follicles, granulosa cells are not cuboidal as in control mice and exhibit a non-linear distribution
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• number of corpora lutea per female is reduced by 30%
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• number of healthy pre-ovulatory follicles (with a diameter equal to or greater than 300 um) per ovary is significantly decreased
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• number of healthy primary follicles (50-199 um in diameter) is increased by 1.3-fold
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• number of healthy antral follicles (200-300 um in diameter) is increased by 1.5-fold
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• number of atretic follicles is significantly increased in antral follicles but not in primary follicles or pre-ovulatory follicles, as revealed by visualization of pyknotic bodies
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• number of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)-positive ovarian follicles per ovary is significantly increased (AMH is a marker of large preantral and small antral follicles), whereas the number of pre-ovulatory follicles is significantly decreased
• dysregulation of folliculogenesis is associated with elevated AMH level and excess in androgen production by the ovaries
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• preantral follicles show decreased expression of beta-catenin (involved in tissue architecture) and altered shape and structure of granulosa cell layers
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• number of large preantral follicles is increased
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• following superovulation induction, the number of oocytes recovered is significantly lower than that in superovulated wild-type females
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• estrous cycle length is significantly increased, resulting in a delay between two cycles
• however, estrous phase length is normal
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• 3-month-old females are subfertile
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• 3-month-old females mated with wild-type males show a 30% reduction in the number of live pups per litter relative to wild-type females
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• protein expression of enzymes involved in steroid production is significantly increased in whole ovary lysates, consistent with a hyperandrogenic response
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• anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) protein levels and steroid levels (pregnenolone, 17alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone, delta4 androstenedione, and testosterone) levels are significantly increased in whole ovary extracts
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• serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels are significantly increased
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• testosterone level is significantly increased in whole ovary extracts
• however, blood testosterone level is normal
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• in preantral follicles, granulosa cells are not cuboidal as in control mice and exhibit a non-linear distribution
|
|
|
• number of corpora lutea per female is reduced by 30%
|
|
|
• number of healthy pre-ovulatory follicles (with a diameter equal to or greater than 300 um) per ovary is significantly decreased
|
|
|
• number of healthy primary follicles (50-199 um in diameter) is increased by 1.3-fold
|
|
|
• number of healthy antral follicles (200-300 um in diameter) is increased by 1.5-fold
|
|
|
• number of atretic follicles is significantly increased in antral follicles but not in primary follicles or pre-ovulatory follicles, as revealed by visualization of pyknotic bodies
|
|
|
• number of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)-positive ovarian follicles per ovary is significantly increased (AMH is a marker of large preantral and small antral follicles), whereas the number of pre-ovulatory follicles is significantly decreased
• dysregulation of folliculogenesis is associated with elevated AMH level and excess in androgen production by the ovaries
|
|
|
• preantral follicles show decreased expression of beta-catenin (involved in tissue architecture) and altered shape and structure of granulosa cell layers
|
|
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• number of large preantral follicles is increased
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cellular
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• in preantral follicles, granulosa cells are not cuboidal as in control mice and exhibit a non-linear distribution
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