reproductive system
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• males exhibit normal testis gross appearance, testis weight/body weight ratios, testis and epididymis histology, and normal cauda epididymal sperm motility with no major changes in sperm kinetic parameters relative to aged-matched heterozygous littermates; males sire pups with normal average litter sizes when paired with wild-type females
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• nearly 70% of cauda epididymal spermatozoa show morphological defects
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• abnormal cauda epididymal spermatozoa exhibit bent sperm heads, loss of apical hook, and irregular-shaped sperm heads
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cellular
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• nearly 70% of cauda epididymal spermatozoa show morphological defects
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• abnormal cauda epididymal spermatozoa exhibit bent sperm heads, loss of apical hook, and irregular-shaped sperm heads
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