Analysis Tools
behavior/neurological
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• in the novel object recognition test, 18-month-old mice do not exhibit any preference to the novel object
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• 18-month-old mice, but not 10-month-old mice, exhibit longer escape latency to the platform during the training trail of the Morris water maze and have shorter target entries without obvious changes in the swimming speed in the probe trial, indicating cognitive decline in old age
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• in the Y-maze, 18-month-old mice show a decrease in the number and percentage of arm transitions without a change in total arm entries
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• 2-month-old mice exhibit a lower sucrose preference and consumption than wild-type mice
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• 2-month-old mice exhibit a lower sucrose preference and consumption than wild-type mice
• depressive-like behaviors persist in 10- and 18-month-old mice
• mice administered ATP by intraperitoneal injection for 7 days show an increase in sucrose preference and consumption
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• 2-month-old mice exhibit a longer immobility time in the forced swimming test and tail suspension test
• depressive-like behaviors persist in 10- and 18-month-old mice
• mice administered ATP by intraperitoneal injection for 7 days show reduced struggling times in the forced swimming test and tail suspension test
• however, no differences in total distance, time spent in central area, or locomotor trajectory are seen in the open field test and in the elevated plus maze, indicating that mice do not have anxiety-like behaviors
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nervous system
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• hippocampal and prefrontal cortex brain slices from adult mice incubated in artificial cerebrospinal fluid exhibit lower ATP concentrations in the medium and cultured neonatal astrocytes, but not neurons, show decreased extracellular ATP levels but normal intracellular ATP levels, indicating reduced ATP release by astrocytes
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• total spine density is decreased in the hippocampal CA1 region
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• mice exhibit fewer stubby and/or mushroom spines compared to wild-type mice
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• field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) from the dendritic region of the CA1 induced by high frequency stimulation in the CA3 region exhibit a reduced slope
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• mice exhibit a defect of hippocampal long-term potentiation
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cellular
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• hippocampal and prefrontal cortex brain slices from adult mice incubated in artificial cerebrospinal fluid exhibit lower ATP concentrations in the medium and cultured neonatal astrocytes, but not neurons, show decreased extracellular ATP levels but normal intracellular ATP levels, indicating reduced ATP release by astrocytes
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