behavior/neurological
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• analysis of in-cohort sociability, which measures how much time each pair of animals living in the same cage spends together shows that males, but not females, have deficits in social interaction, spending less time with other familiar mice
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• in the three-chamber social approach test, both males and females show no preference for the unfamiliar mouse and explore the non-social object and the new mouse equally
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cellular
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• density of presynaptic mitochondria is lower in the CA1 hippocampus of males
• however, the average size and volume of individual mitochondria is unchanged
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nervous system
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• density of presynaptic mitochondria is lower in the CA1 hippocampus of males
• however, the average size and volume of individual mitochondria is unchanged
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• density of presynaptic mitochondria is lower in the CA1 hippocampus of males
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• females exhibit slightly reduced spine density in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and larger individual spines
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• males exhibit increased spine density in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, but spines are shorter and have decreased area
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• dendritic spines in the CA1 region of the hippocampus are shorter in males
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• dendritic spines in the CA1 region of the hippocampus are larger in females
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• presynaptic mitochondria exhibit changes in metabolism, with males, but not females, showing decreased usage of succinate, the substrate for complex II and increased consumption of pyruvate + malate, substrates for complex I
• mitochondria isolated from brain (cortex and hippocampus) exhibits a higher rate of respiration in the presence of pyruvate, glutamate, and malate
• mitochondria isolated from cortex and hippocampus of males shows a trend towards decreased respiration in the presence of ascorbate and TMPD, the substrates for complex IV when complex I and III are inhibited
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• males exhibit significantly enhanced AMPAR-mediated synaptic responses recorded in response to monotonically increasing stimuli
• males exhibit significantly larger NMDARs-mediated synaptic responses
• females exhibit reduced NMDAR-mediated synaptic transmission
• however, no changes in the sensitivity of fEPSPs to AMPAR blocker DNQX are seen in either sex
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• males, but not females, exhibit reduced average paired-pulse ratio for 25-ms and 50-ms interstimulus intervals indicating dysregulation of short-term synaptic plasticity
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