Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• some sperm show multiple axonemes in the flagellar membrane; 3 to 7 axonemes are seen in spermatozoa, especially in the end pieces
• sperm flagellum exhibit two axoneme structures in one cytoplasmic membrane indicating that several different axonemes co-exist within flagellar membranes
• some sperm show multiple axonemes branching from the midpiece or principal piece
• some sperm show hypertrophic flagella
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• several axoneme structures in a flagellum are malformed due to loss of microtubule doublets and dynein arms, while other axonemes in the same flagellum appear normal
• the number of axonemes with abnormal protofilamental structures is higher in sperm with multiple axonemes/flagella than in sperm with single axoneme/flagellum
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• many sperm exhibit abnormal head morphologies
• unusual head shapes are frequently seen in spermatozoa form the caudal epididymis and the testis, with approximately 15.6% of spermatozoa showing abnormalities compared to 3% of wild-type spermatozoa
• some spermatozoa have multiple heads
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• the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa is lower
• however, no difference is seen in the percentage of motile spermatozoa
• velocity parameters of sperm (average path velocity, straight line velocity, and curvilinear velocity) are reduced under both non-capacitated and capacitated conditions
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• homozygous males mated with wild-type females result in lower pregnancy rates and smaller-sized litters indicating reduced male fertility
• however, no difference in testis weight or in morphology of the testis and cauda epididymis is seen and males have a normal number of sperm
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• fertilization rate of sperm from the cauda epididymis is lower in in vitro fertilization
• incubation in fertilization medium containing glutathione to destabilize the zona pellucida of oocytes does not improve fertilization rates for sperm
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• sperm exhibit lower acrosome reaction rates
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cellular
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• some sperm show multiple axonemes in the flagellar membrane; 3 to 7 axonemes are seen in spermatozoa, especially in the end pieces
• sperm flagellum exhibit two axoneme structures in one cytoplasmic membrane indicating that several different axonemes co-exist within flagellar membranes
• some sperm show multiple axonemes branching from the midpiece or principal piece
• some sperm show hypertrophic flagella
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|
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• several axoneme structures in a flagellum are malformed due to loss of microtubule doublets and dynein arms, while other axonemes in the same flagellum appear normal
• the number of axonemes with abnormal protofilamental structures is higher in sperm with multiple axonemes/flagella than in sperm with single axoneme/flagellum
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• many sperm exhibit abnormal head morphologies
• unusual head shapes are frequently seen in spermatozoa form the caudal epididymis and the testis, with approximately 15.6% of spermatozoa showing abnormalities compared to 3% of wild-type spermatozoa
• some spermatozoa have multiple heads
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|
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• the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa is lower
• however, no difference is seen in the percentage of motile spermatozoa
• velocity parameters of sperm (average path velocity, straight line velocity, and curvilinear velocity) are reduced under both non-capacitated and capacitated conditions
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