Analysis Tools
digestive/alimentary system
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• although mucin production is normal, intestinal bacteria such as Proteus, Helicobacter and Escherichia (i.e. flagellated Gram-negative rod bacteria) are detected in close proximity to the epithelial cell layers in the large intestine, unlike in wild-type controls
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• intestinal bacteria penetrate the inner mucus layer in the large intestine that normally is free of commensal microbiota
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• intestinal bacteria such as Proteus, Helicobacter and Escherichia penetrate the inner mucus layer and further into the crypts in the large intestine, unlike in wild-type controls
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• under SPF conditions, colonic epithelial are invaded by commensal bacteria, unlike in wild-type controls
• bacterial DNA is significantly amplified in colonic tissues, but not in luminal contents; numbers of several bacterial genera are increased in colonic tissues, esp. Proteus, Helicobacter and Escherichia
• upon culture of colonic tissues on agar plates, Proteus mirabilis forms an unusual colony with a swarming migration pattern
• FISH analysis using a Proteus-specific 16S rRNA probe revealed that Proteus spp. were present just above the epithelial cell layer and in the crypts
• after transanal inoculation, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labelled Proteus mirabilis is present in closer proximity to the epithelial cell layers, unlike in wild-type controls
• after oral gentamicin treatment, no bacteria are detected just above the epithelial layers; in contrast, vancomycin treatment does not induce changes in the inner layers
• despite penetration of colonic epithelia by flagellated bacteria, no inflammatory response is noted in the colon under SPF conditions, as determined by inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression
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• following oral gentamicin treatment, feces show decreased numbers of Proteus, Escherichia and Helicobacter
• vancomycin treatment results in increased numbers of fecal Lactobacillus, Proteus, Escherichia and Helicobacter
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• at day 8 of 2% DSS administration, mice exhibit more severe weight loss and intestinal inflammation in colonic tissues than DSS-treated wild-type controls
• oral treatment with gentamicin (active against Gram-negative bacteria including P. mirabilis) ameliorates the weight loss and intestinal inflammation in DSS-treated mice
• oral treatment with vancomycin (active against Gram-positive cocci) exacerbates the weight loss and intestinal inflammation in DSS-treated mice
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• after 2% DSS administration, mice exhibit higher mortality than DSS-treated wild-type controls
• oral treatment with gentamicin ameliorates the survival rate in DSS-treated mice, whereas vancomycin treatment has the opposite effect
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immune system
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• at day 8 of 2% DSS administration, mice exhibit more severe weight loss and intestinal inflammation in colonic tissues than DSS-treated wild-type controls
• oral treatment with gentamicin (active against Gram-negative bacteria including P. mirabilis) ameliorates the weight loss and intestinal inflammation in DSS-treated mice
• oral treatment with vancomycin (active against Gram-positive cocci) exacerbates the weight loss and intestinal inflammation in DSS-treated mice
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• after 2% DSS administration, mice exhibit higher mortality than DSS-treated wild-type controls
• oral treatment with gentamicin ameliorates the survival rate in DSS-treated mice, whereas vancomycin treatment has the opposite effect
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• intestinal bacteria such as Proteus, Helicobacter and Escherichia penetrate the inner mucus layer and further into the crypts in the large intestine, unlike in wild-type controls
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mortality/aging
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• after 2% DSS administration, mice exhibit higher mortality than DSS-treated wild-type controls
• oral treatment with gentamicin ameliorates the survival rate in DSS-treated mice, whereas vancomycin treatment has the opposite effect
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