Analysis Tools
behavior/neurological
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• males show normal locomotor activity in a familiar environment and in the novel environment of the open-field test, normal novel object-recognition and contextual fear memory and normal somatosensory functions in the hot plate and von Frey tests, normal social behavior in the three-chamber test and social interaction in the direct social interaction test, and normal courtship ultrasonic vocalization (USVs), showing normal number of and duration of USV calls
• females show normal levels of self-grooming and digging in novel home cages with bedding, and normal levels of anxiety-like behaviors in both the elevated plus maze and light-dark tests
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• males are less susceptible to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures
• however, spontaneous seizures in the absence of PTZ are not seen
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• males show moderately increased anxiety-like behavior as indicated by increased open-arm time in the elevated plus-maze and increased light-box time in the light-dark test but normal levels of center time in the open-field test
• females, however, show normal levels of anxiety-like behaviors in both the elevated plus maze and light-dark tests
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• males exhibit increased grooming and decreased digging in novel home cages (bright light) with bedding when observed for 10 minutes, but normal Laboras-cage (darkness) self-grooming over 96 hours
• however, males show normal grooming in the novel home cage without light and the presence of light in the Laboras cage or in a novel open-field area do not enhance self-grooming, indicating that light and novelty of environment is not important but rather, an increase in stress associated with the light in novel home cages (but not other environments) enhances self-grooming
• females, however, show normal levels of self-grooming in novel home cages
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• males, but not females, exhibit decreased digging in novel home cages
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nervous system
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• males are less susceptible to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures
• however, spontaneous seizures in the absence of PTZ are not seen
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• hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuronal excitability is decreased in males, as evidenced by the relationship between the amount of injected current and the number of action potentials fired, but the current-voltage relationship, input resistance, and Sag ratio are normal
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• the power of electroencephalogram (EEG) in the delta range, but not other frequency ranges (0-4 Hz) is decreased in frontal lobes, whereas EEG power in the alpha frequency range (12-30 Hz) is increased in the parietal lobes
• the left and right hemispheres of the frontal lobe show similar decreases in normalized EEG power in the delta range
• in the parietal lobe, the right but not left hemisphere show decreased EEG power in the delta range and increased EEG power in the theta and alpha ranges
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• hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuronal excitability is decreased in males
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• females exhibit increased frequency, but not amplitude, of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) in CA1 pyramidal neurons
• however, miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) frequency and amplitude in CA1 pyramidal neurons of females is normal and the frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs and mIPSCs in CA1 pyramidal neurons are normal in males
• frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs and mIPSCs in dorsolateral striatal neurons are normal
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growth/size/body
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• mice show normal body weights
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mortality/aging
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• mice show normal survival rates
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