Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• sperm show multiple morphological abnormalities
• only ~26.7% of spermatozoa appear normal versus 83.3% in wild-type males
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• caudal epididymal spermatozoa show multiple flagella defects, including short, coiled flagella and/or tailless spermatozoa (abnormal head-tail conjunction)
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• axonemal structural abnormalities including abnormal bulges, extra peripheral microtubule doublets, lack of central-pair microtubules, absent dynein arms, and abnormal arrangement of the 9 peripheral microtubule doublets are frequent
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• absence of central-pair microtubules is frequently observed
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• during nuclear condensation and the late elongated stage, connecting pieces are not formed properly or maintained in spermatids
• the segmented columns between the sperm head and tail appear scattered
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• 32.6% of sperm show abnormal end pieces versus 2.3% in wild-type controls
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• no midpiece could be formed without being surrounded by the mitochondria and having the annulus relocated, leading to an abnormal junction between the nucleus and the axoneme
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• annulus appears scattered
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• 17.2% of sperm show abnormal principle pieces versus 3.4% in wild-type controls
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• 6.1% of flagella are coiled versus 2.0% in wild-type controls
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• abnormal head-tail conjunction is the most frequently observed abnormality (60.7% versus 4.9% in wild-type males)
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• 2.0% of sperm show flagellar angulation versus 0% in wild-type controls
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• 10.5% of flagella are short versus 1.0% in wild-type controls
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• progressive motility (%) is significantly lower than that in wild-type males (33% versus 74%, respectively)
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• sperm motility (%) is significantly lower than that in wild-type males (39% versus 84%, respectively)
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• structural abnormalities of the connecting piece are observed during spermiogenesis
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• male homozygotes sire significantly smaller litters than wild-type males
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• ~78% of males are infertile
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cellular
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• sperm show multiple morphological abnormalities
• only ~26.7% of spermatozoa appear normal versus 83.3% in wild-type males
|
|
|
• caudal epididymal spermatozoa show multiple flagella defects, including short, coiled flagella and/or tailless spermatozoa (abnormal head-tail conjunction)
|
|
|
• axonemal structural abnormalities including abnormal bulges, extra peripheral microtubule doublets, lack of central-pair microtubules, absent dynein arms, and abnormal arrangement of the 9 peripheral microtubule doublets are frequent
|
|
|
• absence of central-pair microtubules is frequently observed
|
|
|
• during nuclear condensation and the late elongated stage, connecting pieces are not formed properly or maintained in spermatids
• the segmented columns between the sperm head and tail appear scattered
|
|
|
• 32.6% of sperm show abnormal end pieces versus 2.3% in wild-type controls
|
|
|
• no midpiece could be formed without being surrounded by the mitochondria and having the annulus relocated, leading to an abnormal junction between the nucleus and the axoneme
|
|
|
• annulus appears scattered
|
|
|
• 17.2% of sperm show abnormal principle pieces versus 3.4% in wild-type controls
|
|
|
• 6.1% of flagella are coiled versus 2.0% in wild-type controls
|
|
|
• abnormal head-tail conjunction is the most frequently observed abnormality (60.7% versus 4.9% in wild-type males)
|
|
|
• 2.0% of sperm show flagellar angulation versus 0% in wild-type controls
|
|
|
• 10.5% of flagella are short versus 1.0% in wild-type controls
|
|
|
• progressive motility (%) is significantly lower than that in wild-type males (33% versus 74%, respectively)
|
|
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• sperm motility (%) is significantly lower than that in wild-type males (39% versus 84%, respectively)
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