Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• multinucleated symplasts are frequently observed in the seminiferous epithelium
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• rare sperm found within the epididymis show no capacity for motility
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• multinucleated symplasts are frequently observed in the seminiferous epithelium
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• all of the few sperm found within the epididymis exhibit short or absent tails
• >99% of male germ cells show complete absence of sperm tail growth
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• disorganized outer dense fibers are frequently observed within the cytoplasm of retained spermatids, rather than being within the flagellar compartment
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• basal bodies fail to attach to the plasma membrane resulting in a complete absence of microtubule extension, and thus axoneme development, in the vast majority of germ cells
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• all of the few sperm found within the epididymis exhibit an abnormally formed mitochondrial sheath in their mid-piece
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• cauda epididymal sperm frequently lack mitochondrial mid-pieces
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• all of the few sperm found within the epididymis exhibit an abnormal sperm head shape
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• during spermiation, most elongated spermatids exhibit a detached acrosome, unlike in wild-type controls
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• elongating spermatids frequently show abnormal nuclear (club shaped) morphology
• supernumerary centrioles are frequently observed in the cytoplasm of elongating spermatids
• docking of the centriole to the plasma membrane is never observed in spermatids
• however, coupling of the centriole to the nuclear membrane is normal
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• elongating spermatids show excessive constriction of the perinuclear ring of the manchette, unlike in wild-type controls
• perinuclear ring fails to migrate distally but continues to constrict in a development-dependent manner, resulting in elongated spermatids with a knobby head morphology
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• during late steps of spermatid elongation, manchette microtubules are abnormally long; manchette length is longer in stage X-XII tubules
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• most spermatogenic abnormalities arise during spermiogenesis
• testis histology is relatively normal in pre-meiotic and meiotic germ cells
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• during late steps of spermatid elongation, manchette microtubules take longer to disassemble and are still present in stage I-II (step 14) tubules, unlike in wild-type controls
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• total epididymal sperm content is reduced by 96.5% relative to wild-type controls; however, testis weight, daily sperm output and germ cell apoptosis are normal, indicating a massive failure of spermiation
• retained elongated spermatids are often observed in stage IX seminiferous tubules, unlike in wild-type controls
• although ectoplasmic specializations are formed and removed normally, no tubulobulbar complexes or residual bodies are formed, and spermatids frequently retain large amounts of cytoplasm, unlike in wild-type controls
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• when test mated with wild-type females, males are sterile
• however, mating frequency is normal
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cellular
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• all of the few sperm found within the epididymis exhibit short or absent tails
• >99% of male germ cells show complete absence of sperm tail growth
|
|
|
• disorganized outer dense fibers are frequently observed within the cytoplasm of retained spermatids, rather than being within the flagellar compartment
|
|
|
• basal bodies fail to attach to the plasma membrane resulting in a complete absence of microtubule extension, and thus axoneme development, in the vast majority of germ cells
|
|
|
• all of the few sperm found within the epididymis exhibit an abnormally formed mitochondrial sheath in their mid-piece
|
|
|
• cauda epididymal sperm frequently lack mitochondrial mid-pieces
|
|
|
• all of the few sperm found within the epididymis exhibit an abnormal sperm head shape
|
|
|
• during spermiation, most elongated spermatids exhibit a detached acrosome, unlike in wild-type controls
|
|
|
• elongating spermatids frequently show abnormal nuclear (club shaped) morphology
• supernumerary centrioles are frequently observed in the cytoplasm of elongating spermatids
• docking of the centriole to the plasma membrane is never observed in spermatids
• however, coupling of the centriole to the nuclear membrane is normal
|
|
|
• during late steps of spermatid elongation, manchette microtubules take longer to disassemble and are still present in stage I-II (step 14) tubules, unlike in wild-type controls
|
|
|
• elongating spermatids show excessive constriction of the perinuclear ring of the manchette, unlike in wild-type controls
• perinuclear ring fails to migrate distally but continues to constrict in a development-dependent manner, resulting in elongated spermatids with a knobby head morphology
|
|
|
• during late steps of spermatid elongation, manchette microtubules are abnormally long; manchette length is longer in stage X-XII tubules
|
|
|
• multinucleated symplasts are frequently observed in the seminiferous epithelium
|
|
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• rare sperm found within the epididymis show no capacity for motility
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• multinucleated symplasts are frequently observed in the seminiferous epithelium
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