behavior/neurological
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• reduction in vertical locomotor activity by 15 months of age
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• reduction in horizonal locomotor activity by 15 months of age
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nervous system
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• neuronal soma from the cerebral cortex and striatum of 20-23 month old mice exhibit condensed aggregated mitochondria, damaged mitochondria and an increase in the density of autophagic vacuoles
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• observed in the brains of aged mice
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• decrease in cortical norepinephrine levels
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• decrease in cortical dopamine levels
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cellular
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• observed in the brains of aged mice
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