growth/size/body
|
|
• 2 month old mice have 20% lower body weight than wild-type mice
|
|
|
• mice exhibit developmental delays
|
behavior/neurological
|
|
• 3 month old mice show abnormal posturing when suspended by the tail
|
|
|
• 3 month old mice show limb-clasping when suspended by the tail
|
|
|
• the gap between the two hindpaws when mice are lifted is much shorter than that of controls
|
|
|
• 3 month old mice exhibit less thermal perception of sensation in the hot plate analgesia test
|
digestive/alimentary system
|
|
• mice have brownish and enlarged, swollen intestines, indicating gastrointestinal dysmotility
|
muscle
|
|
• mice have brownish and enlarged, swollen intestines, indicating gastrointestinal dysmotility
|
nervous system
|
|
• brains weigh 25% less than control brains
|
|
|
• nearly all peripheral dorsal root ganglion axonal projections are thinner in the forelimbs and the axon patterns are abnormal
• dorsal root ganglion neurites are on average 15% longer in the forelimbs and there are 21% more branches in neurites indicating axonal projection guidance defects
|
|
|
• dorsal root ganglion neurites are on average 15% longer in the forelimbs and there are 21% more branches in neurites
• cultured dorsal root ganglia have more neurite outgrowth than control dorsal root ganglia, longer neurite processes, and excessive branching
• dorsal root ganglia explants treated with phosphatidylserine have less neurite outgrowth, shorter neurite processes and less branching per cell
|
|
|
• 45% reduction in the average number of dorsal root ganglia and a 67% reduction in dorsal root ganglia area at E13.5
• nearly all peripheral dorsal root ganglion axonal projections are thinner in the forelimbs and the axon patterns are abnormal
• dorsal root ganglion neurites are on average 15% longer in the forelimbs and there are 21% more branches in neurites
• dorsal root ganglia show elevated HDAC6 levels, reduced acetylated alpha-tubulin, unstable microtubules, and impairment of axonal retrograde transport of nerve growth factor
|
|
|
• 45% reduction in the average number of dorsal root ganglia and a 67% reduction in dorsal root ganglia area at E13.5, indicating massive cell loss during embryonic development
|
|
|
• dorsal root ganglia are smaller at E13.5
|
Analysis Tools