Analysis Tools
neoplasm
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• after a skin 2-stage chemical carcinogenesis protocol the average time to tumor onset and time to develop the first tumor are increased by about 2.5 weeks and 3.8 weeks respectively, the average number of tumors is decreased about 70%, no tumor larger than 6 mm in diameter is seen at 20 weeks, and no carcinomas develop by 30 weeks
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growth/size/body
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• heart is enlarged mainly due to ventricular dilation rather than hypertrophy
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cardiovascular system
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• hearts develop congenital malformations of both the aortic and pulmonary valves due to a defect in valve remodeling at the late stages of semilunar valvulogenesis
• immature aortic and pulmonary valves do not undergo remodeling at E16.5 and exhibit thickening of the semilunar valve leaflets
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• heart is enlarged mainly due to ventricular dilation rather than hypertrophy
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• some aortic valves at 40 weeks of age exhibit a bicuspid-like appearance due to commissural fusion
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• some aortic valves at 40 weeks of age exhibit a bicuspid-like appearance due to commissural fusion
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• pulse-wave Doppler shows that flow velocity across the aortic valve is abnormally fast, indicating aortic stenosis
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• the aortic valves undergo a massive increase in thickness on E16.5, due to an increase in the number of cells
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• the pulmonary valves undergo a massive increase in thickness on E16.5, due to an increase in the number of cells
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• some parameters of contractility such as fractional shortening and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mVcfc) appear to be reduced at 8 weeks of age
• left ventricular internal dimensions at both the end-diastole and end-systole are greater than in wild-type at 8 and 20 weeks of age
• however, no obvious abnormalities are seen in pressure development, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and pressure relaxation
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• exhibit moderate to severe degrees of regurgitation of the aortic valve at the diastolic phase
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• exhibit moderate to severe degrees of regurgitation of the pulmonary valve at the diastolic phase
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• TPA induced skin hyperplasia is greatly decreased with the average thickness of the epidermis 48 hours after treatment reaching only 31.3 um compared to 98.4 um in wild-type
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• after a skin 2-stage chemical carcinogenesis protocol the average time to tumor onset and time to develop the first tumor are increased by about 2.5 weeks and 3.8 weeks respectively, the average number of tumors is decreased about 70%, no tumor larger than 6 mm in diameter is seen at 20 weeks, and no carcinomas develop by 30 weeks
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muscle
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• some parameters of contractility such as fractional shortening and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mVcfc) appear to be reduced at 8 weeks of age
• left ventricular internal dimensions at both the end-diastole and end-systole are greater than in wild-type at 8 and 20 weeks of age
• however, no obvious abnormalities are seen in pressure development, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and pressure relaxation
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